the implicit biased men towards women

Abstract

In almost every part of the world, men have implicit bias towards women in terms of behavior and expected contact. There have been more literate men than women in many countries and wages for men exceeds those of men working in the same level and occupation. There are many other issues which can be considered as normal by men but they are wrong towards women. The study is focused in finding the areas were women are oppressed by men without their knowledge. The research is on the look for the percentage of the implicit biased men towards women. Through the literature, most of the oppression activities by men which end up hurting women are exposed. The study methodology depends on searching for primary data through questionnaires which are expected to be analyzed for the results on percentage to be obtained. The percentage of men who show implicit bias towards women is high as most of the duties which men assume belong to ladies are false and can belong to either gender. The research will determine the truth through the percentage of implicit biased men towards women after analysis of the data obtained.

Table of contents

CHAPTER ONE: Topic and research question…………………………………………………………………………..

1.0 Introduction to research question……………………………………………………………………………….

1.1 Background to the study……………………………………………………………………………………………..

1.2 Research question………………………………………………………………………………………………………

1.3 Hypothesis………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

1.4 Evidence…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

1.5 Objective of the research…………………………………………………………………………………………….

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………………………………………………………….

1.0 Sources of literature review……………………………………………………………………………………….

1.2 Outline of the literature review………………………………………………………………………………….

1.3 Literature review………………………………………………………………………………………………………

1.4 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY………………………………………………………………………………….

1.0 Background……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

1.1 Purpose statement……………………………………………………………………………………………………

1.2 Data collection………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

1.3 Sample questionnaire…………………………………………………………………………………………….

1.4 Limitation of the method………………………………………………………………………………………

1.5 apparatus and material…………………………………………………………………………………………..

1.6 Participants……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

1.7 Data analysis………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

1.8 Ethical concerns……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

CHAPTER ONE: TOPIC AND RESEARCH QUESTION

1.0 Introduction to research question

Implicit bias refers to the unconscious actions of human beings while preferring to different perspectives or towards other people. For instance we implicit bias is lack of showing neutral preference but judging others without knowing. Different people have different attitudes about others even without knowing them due to their physical appearance, gender and even race. In the research proposal, we will consider the associate stereotypes men have towards women in different perspectives such as wisdom, decision making among many other aspects. The research will consider different aspects of life and how man is considered more superior than women in the natural world. The consideration of men to be more superior than women all over the world is too much emphasized and this may be due to tradition. However there is some truth about is it is seen in different issues through interaction of both genders.

The research will focus on the finding for the percentage for males who have implicit gender bias in different situations. This will be helpful as it will help females to grow their curiosity of becoming better and competing for more complex positions held by males. The study will focus on considering issues of discrimination of males to females at home, work places and in education. Also in politics male have dominated the positions and the research will improve the curiosity of females to seek such positions. Consideration of how the male child is viewed in the society by the parents is also considered thus encouraging the guardians to show equity to children of both genders thus minimizing implicit bias among them when they grow up. The study will aim at discovering through studying different situations which will be covered in the literature. According to literature reviewed the number of males who practice implicit bias towards males are more that those who do not practice.

1.1 Background to the study

Implicit gender bias that males have towards females are uncountable starting form top careers in science to leadership positions. Considering the existence of the implicit bias may have championed the more discrimination men have towards women. Even now science is more associated with men than women and the promotion opportunities go to men than women. Human minds have it that men are more superior than men and women are associated with negative traits such as being aggressive and lazy. However this is the general perspective towards women, it does not mean that women have such traits. Due to such associations, they are perceived as responsible for doing the light chores while men are perceived as the ones who can handle turf chores.

The implicit biasness started since the beginning and has become a norm in the minds of human beings. In an organization for example, it is very common to find the secretarial positions as being held by women while technical engineers being men. In this perspective, women only hold the lower positions in offices while men deal with the most complicated work in the organizations. In such situation, women seem to have accepted the fact that men are more superior to women in terms of wisdom. This is observed through the posts they held in most of the organizations thus we can consider the situation as natural. Most companies have recognized the implicit bias in their organizations and tried to set up trainings to minimize the bias. However, their efforts have bared no fruits as there has been no positive change and the situation has remained to be the same.

The challenge on measuring the implicit bias is a major problem as many do not admit to be biased while they are in the real sense. Stereotyping has become a challenge to the researchers especially in the direct methods. The world has generalized the idea that man is more superior to women and women seem to have accepted the fact. Most people have biases which are not intentional but due to the background, societal and cultural context. This means that they are biased without their own knowledge and they perceive this as normal to them. The quick assessments and judgments which come to our minds about others is unconscious and biased in most of the times. Such implicit bias of men towards women controls the actions of most people in the society today. It has being realized that the decisions we make are due to our attitude, attention, behaviors and perceptions.

The implicit bias has held women back in many activities in the real world and even young children have shown implicit bias even in the age of five. Many learners in the young age believe that girls are weak in math compared to boys which is bias. In reality some girls perform better in math than boys and depend on the efforts in academics of individual learner as Dresden (2018) explains. Mental shortcut which we refer to implicit bias leads to such perceptions in learning that males perform better than women in math and science. This might be the reason which leads to most female learners not putting too much effort in such subjects since they are believed to be for males. In real sense, women seem to be disadvantaged by the worlds perception on what they can do and what they cannot do in life situations. Such judgment has led to fewer women perusing science related courses compared to their male counterparts. Men are more encouraged to pursue science related courses while women tend to be discouraged due to the implicit bias towards women.

Gender inequality starts form homes where children are children are raised with different values, stereotypes and gender norms. The treatment of children based on their gender while at homes is the main reason for the implicit bias in the future. Study on children showed that different gender of children are associated with different interests and show differences in many aspects. Even the roles given to each child is based on gender which is accepted by the society. Women are brought up to be submissive to men and more emotional while men are brought up to be strong and independent. Due to such reasons, different genders are expected to conform to some norms and get limited to some ideas. The perspective in the society considering some activities as only for men and not women might be the beginning of implicit bias of men towards women.

Parenting plays important role in bringing up children of different genders and should grow up their children to take up all kinds of roles in the society. Our believes towards gender were propagated while we were still young and this gives a reason while training on removing implicit bias of men towards women is a bit difficult (Serio, 2016). In the real society we live in, most parents invest more on their male children compared to their female children due to the roles they are expected to take in their future. Implicit gender bias of men towards women is very common and has been accepted as part of life. Different organizations have however risen to defend the women and seek equity on both genders when it comes to promotions. The environment plays a vital role on how different children finally consider gender on their own. Peers, media and teachers also contribute to how one views his or her gender. The percentage of implicit bias of men towards women depends on the cultural and environmental condition for someone.

1.2 Research question

The research is so specific on answering the question on the topic of Implicit gender bias that males have towards females.

Research question is: WHAT PERCENTAGE OF ADULT MALES SHOW IMPLICIT GENDER BIAS TOWARDS WOMEN?

1.3 Hypothesis

A large number of male show implicit gender bias towards females through their actions and personal views in most cases not through their own intensions but naturally.

1.4 Evidence

1. Through research it is very common to find more complex jobs occupied by men in organizations while the simple posts are occupied by women.
2. Many countries are led by men as compared to women and are elected through a democratic process.
3. It is common to meet more men in a panel compared to women.
4. Most promotions in the science platforms go to women compared to women.
5. Men are more active in sports especially football than women.

1.5 Objective of the research

The research objective is to determine the percentage of men who have implicit bias towards females.

Aims of the research

The main aim of the research is to determine the percentage at which male show implicit gender bias towards female.

The research also aims at bringing into attention of female discrimination towards females in work places, at homes and in learning.

The research will also improve the female curiosity to fight for equity among their male counterparts in promotions and in academics.

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

1.0 Sources of literature review

The literature review was obtained after searching, reading, organizing and analyzing 20 different sources. Each source contributed to different ideas which were combined together to come up with the literature review. The procedure which led to the literature review encompassed six stages which include the following:

1. Identifying the topic.
2. Locating relevant sources.
3. Reading literature from the located sources.
4. Doing analysis of the literature.
5. Assembling and organizing the literature.
6. The writing of literature review.

1.1 Outline of literature review

• General differences between males and females and personality traits.
• Consideration of men in job opportunities compared to women taking example of job representation of women in UK.
• Categorization of male implicit bias towards female: Subtle sexism in the society today.
• The expectations of men towards women on marriage and raising children.
• Most kind of work given to ladies in administration offices.
• Ignorance and lack of attention for men when women speak in discussions and debates
• Consideration of women as weak in science and math careers compared to men.
• Men consideration as more secure compared to women.

1.2 Literature review

There are many differences between males and females in the society beginning with personality traits level of education, the number of each gender in leadership and the earnings of each gender in a particular job groups. On personality traits men are considered as leaders, assertive, dominant and easily make decisions. On the other hand women are considered to be cheerful, affectionate, love children and sympathetic (Lockhart, 2017). These traits are so different from the other and lead to men being considered as more powerful than women. Considering the men’s behavior towards women, they tend to be more implicit biased compared to women towards men. This is probably due to the fact that men are considered better than women in gender identity (Miner & Cortina, 2016). According to the study on literacy in the whole world, males are more literate than women and the gap is wider in low income countries compared to high income countries. This shows that males are more considered to pursue education than females (Menking, Erickson, & Pratt, 2019). The implicit biasness on gender in this perspective is the idea than men are more valuable when it comes to education than women. The society considers male child as special than female child specifically in low income countries.

On considering the workforce, men also dominate the leadership positions compared to females. In the United Kingdom the percentage of women in representative committee in 2019 was 18.6% while 29.5% in the direct reports. This percentage is small compared to that of males who are chosen to attend such committees and direct reporters (Lewis, 2018). In the House of Commons 220 seats are held by women out of 650 seats and 213 out of 775 seats in the House of Lords. This is a percentage of 33.8% and 27.5% respectively showing a huge gap in the leadership positions. The pay gap for the fulltime workers in the United Kingdom remain at 8.9% with men getting more than women in respective levels.

Implicit gender bias of males towards females can be categorized into three as blatant sexism, subtle sexism and covert sexism. Blatant is the unequal and unfair treatment of females to males which is obvious. Covert sexism refers to unfair treatment of women which can be recognized but it is hidden just as blatant. The research on subtle sexism shows that women face many challenges in life due to their gender (Bain, 2020). Men view women as aggressive and bitter naturally thus not fit for leadership roles which are clearly depicted by the high wages given to men than women. However women all over the world have risen up to fight for equal rights and treatment. Many negative connotations about women are said thus giving men a priority even in communication (Dionisi, & Barling, 2018). In a meeting, it has been observed that women are interfered with by their men as they deliver their opinions as compared to men. The views of women are less considered than those of males in meetings a fact which is greatly being fought by feminists of this era. They argue that females deserve right to speak their views without interruption in organizational meetings which aim at improving the status of such businesses.

The expectations of women on marriage and raising children are too many as compared to those of men. For example men who choose to remain single in their lives are considered right while on the other hand, women are pitied as their role in marriage and rising of children is too much emphasized by the society (Bain, 2017). The difference in such case occurs were men having freedom to live single life while not the same case to females. According to the research most men leave burden to their wives to take care of children in their daily life. A single lady will receive ill treatment in the society as compared to male and is likely to be insulted sexually. To women marriage is great achievement than to men who leave a free life without being questioned (Verdú & Mañas-Viejo, 2017). A huge percentage of men give a burden of women to be submissive to them and not to interrupt them in their speech. All these are not true according to feminists and they fight for women to live the life of their choice just as men. More office work for ladies is housework compared to their male counterparts including fetching coffee and planning for holidays. It is not funny to find women who have senior jobs even than some males in an organization being given a role to plan for parties and holidays. Most of men consider this as normal but for ladies, these duties weaken them not to pursue their dream careers.

The housework assignments given to ladies in organizations are in most cases not paid for and considered as their duty. Ladies in some organizations have to spend most of their time planning for organizational events unlike their male counterparts (Tinkler, & Zhao, 2020). In meetings, ladies are given note taking work while their male points discuss the ideas they have for the sake of the organizations. Through this, ladies don’t get time to give their views on the conversation but just note down what has been said by their male colleagues (Thomas, 2017). Women loose many opportunities doing duties which does not belong to them and fail to contribute in meetings. Feminists today are championing for such discriminations and their voices are somehow being heard. Many organizations fighting for the rights of females have brought attention to the males on such unfairness in organizations (Mansfield et al 2019). Things have started to change nowadays and such issues brought about by these organizations valued by most businesses.

Women who express anger in group discussions are ignored unlike their counterparts who are given priority of expressing their ideas in whatever manner and being listened. In some instances men who display their anger are considered to be brave and their emotions are considered while the female counterparts are considered as irrespective (Cook, & Sheppard, NA). Men even yell in meetings as they want their points to be considered unlike women who can even be punished for such a behavior in some organizations. To a man expressing ones frustrations about something in a meeting or in public is considered as being charming while for ladies it is just viewed as being controlled by hormones ( Fernando, & Prasad, 2019). Ladies trying to express their emotions are easily ignored and advised to calm down which is not fair to them. The feminists of this error have a big fight ahead on this issue as it is very common in most places in the world.

The main reason why most of the women don’t pursue science related careers may be due to micro-aggressions which they face in their daily interactions with men. Women face difficulties in expressing their ideas and considered generally weak by men. According to the study it is familiar to find phrases like ‘man up’ in conversations which shows that men are considered more superior than women and in order for them to undertake hard courses, they have to behave like real men (Baker-Bell, 2017). Many females in the society find it difficult to do some careers as they are associated with their male counterparts. Men in most cases do this without any intention to hurt the female gender and they feel right according to the societal expectations. According to the observations, men are considered to be safer than women (Zhang et al 2020). Most of criminal acts are associated with males than females thus men are considered insecure as in many cases they are most targeted by male criminals. The fact that females are considered weak makes thieves consider them as their easy prey than males.

The safety of ladies is in ganger as compared to that of males and this has been considered as a natural situation. When it gets late in the night and some women have not yet arrived to their homes, ladies are very scared and feel more insecure. Sometimes they rely on men to drive them home in such late hours and even cannot let such men leave until they open their doors and lock from inside (Rubino et al 2018). The society has considered women as been insecure to a point where ladies have accepted the situation. Implicit biasness of males in the society is too much and the percentage of males who does not practice it are few it is not intentional but considered obvious.

1.3 Conclusion

The review shows many occurrences of men showing implicit bias towards women thus it is obvious that the numbers of men who have negative thoughts towards women without realizing are many. The importance of realizing such a mistake is likely to create sense among men thus changing their negative attitude towards women. Such social constructions in the minds of male gender need to be changed through creating awareness on the true expectations from female gender (Carroll, 2019). The feminists in the society today and women organizations have to continue pushing for change and they are likely to win. According to the research, there attempt of the feminists in the society today have created some alarm on the implicit bias of men gender thus and some positive change has been achieved. There is need for the women to push this agenda through the media and advocate for fair treatment in the wage allocation, education and perception of housekeepers even in offices (Tinkler, & Zhao, 2020). If the efforts seen before will increase the percentage of implicit men towards women will decrease and a solution will be sought. Even men who have realized such mistakes towards women should champion for fair treatment towards women in the society especially in the countries with lower economy were the impact is worse. Encouraging women to campaign for posts in the government will also boost men’s view towards them in the society as Gabriel et al (2018) insists. The governments should allocate positions in the government which should not be contested by men to encourage women to take leadership roles in the society. Women need to explore their potential in leadership and proof men wrong through their performance in politics and science education.

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

Most of the psychological research methods can be obtained from carrying out a survey to through enquiring information from those involved all referring to the archived data from different sources. In the research proposed, men are the targeted subject to test their implicit bias towards women. The choice of the research methodology chosen for the research was based on considering certain factors from identification of the problem, review of associated literature, hypothesis, aims and the objectives of the research. Since the aim of the research is to find the percentage of biased adult men towards women, the information was very important as a guide on the correct method to collect preferred data that can be evaluated to give the desired results. The information provided by the review acted as the guideline toward the method of data analysis required for the best results to be obtained.

1.0 Background

The research is expected to employ different research methods t come up with the best results of data which can be relied to know the percentage of implicit bias males on women. Case study design method was chosen as the best method for retrieving enough data for this research. Through experiment, it was observed that the other factors were kept constant; the best results which can produce the accurate result after analysis would be obtained. The design chosen is much relied in social sciences since it can examine the real life situations such as implicit bias as our research is all about. Through this design, it will be easier to know by what percentage men show implicit bias towards women since the problem still exist in the contemporary society. The design is very specific to its objective and the cause of displayed behavior of men towards women will not be considered in this case.

1.1 Purpose statement

The purpose of the research is to determine the percentage of implicit bias men towards women.

1.2 Data collection

The data for the research was collected through a questionnaire which contained closed ended questions concerning the men’s perspectives towards women in leadership and the behavior they expect from women. This method of date collection was thought wisely as it will not be easier for the men to recognize on what will be the target result and they will be open to say the truth according to their own perspectives. The data collection is expected to be carried out by men and not women to ensure that men will say what they thing is correct about without any influence. In this case women are considered to influence men towards giving incorrect information about their perspectives and suspicion will be high. The targeted of number of men to be interviewed is fifty and the targeted places are in organizations and local businesses.

It was considered that for the best results to be obtained, the questions in the questionnaire should be mixed up with explicit gender based bias to ensure no suspicion will be encountered. The data collected will be primary data and will produce the logical study on implicit bias of men towards women. The choice of this required set of data is because the new knowledge on the percentage of implicit bias males is expected. Use of questionnaire was chosen due to its advantages especially when offered in a printed format. First it produces quantitative data at a very low cost and it is easy to administer and the results will be obtained in a short period of time. Since we target to examine a large number of men, use of questionnaire will be the best.

1.3 Sample questionnaire

Please tick your preferred answer provided below.

1. Women are weak in leadership compared to males

True

False

1. Women should take care of household assignments such as planning for parties and holidays when necessary in organizations.

True

False

1. Women are weak in technical subjects and math but god at social sciences and public relations.

True

False

1. Most men like living single life compared to women.

True

False

1. Women love children more than men.

True

False

1. All women are expected to get married and raise children unlike men who can opt to remain single.

True

False

1. Most women are controlled by anger thus women displaying anger in organizational discussions should be ignored.

True

False

1. Both men and women like attending parties.

True

False

1. Men are stronger and intelligent than women.

True

False

1. Men have more responsibilities than women thus they should earn more than women in the same level of employment.

True

False

1. In a marriage setup, women should take care of children.

True

False

1. Women should be submissive to men.

True

False

1. Women should be given less slots of leadership than males in organizations since males are more active and industrious.

True

False

1. Both men and women should obey the law of organization which employs them.

True

False

1. Women should not interrupt men when giving their views in a discussion meeting but men can interrupt women.

True

False

1. All employees in an organization need motivations after some period of time.

True

False

1. Male child is more important and should be prioritized in education than female child who will get married and leave her family.

True

False

1. Women are shy than men and not fit in politics.

True

False

1. Men make stronger decisions compared to women.

True

False

1. Every person in a meeting has authority to give his or her opinions.

True

False

1.4 Limitations of this method of data collection

1. Dishonest answers can be obtained.
2. Some of the questions may not be answered.
3. Emotional feelings cannot be noted.
4. The respondents may have other hidden agenda apart from the intended one.

1.5 Apparatus and materials

The materials which will be required to collect our data will be papers with printed questions in them. The copies of questionnaires should be over fifty as we target collecting information from at least fifty men in different organizations and local businesses. The fully answered questionnaires will be used to compute for the percentage of implicit biased men towards women.

1.6 Participants

The participants will be adult men working in different organizations and we target fifty to answer our set questionnaire in a printed format. The reason for their selection is because they are believed to have interacted with many women at work and back at their homes. Their expected behavior on women in leadership and their views on the general contact of women will be questioned thus the results are expected to be dependable. The respondents to the questionnaire are expected to be of different levels of working categories in different organizations and local businesses.

1.7 Data analysis

Incomplete questionnaires were not considered for the analysis as they may affect the validity of the results. After all the questionnaires were answered and collected, the data was analyzed by considering the score for ‘True’ response in each questionnaire paper. Only the questions which targeted implicit bias were considered and the others ignored as they were used to control the data collection process. The score obtained was by each male for the implicit bias questions were recorded and the average score was computed. The questions in each questionnaire were 20 and only 15 out of the total questions targeted implicit bias in men towards women. Questions 4, 8, 14, 16 and 20 do not respond to implicit bias and are will be ignored in the final calculations. The score for each individual was added together and divided by 50 which is the total number of those who responded to the questionnaire. This average out of the initial number of questions for implicit bias which is 15 and the percentage was obtained by multiplying the results by 100.

1.8 Ethical concerns

The ethical concerns that were considered to ensure that the data is obtained without any interruption include avoiding confrontation. The questionnaire can be considered to be answered genuinely without consideration of who requires the data and why the data is required. Only their perspective on women was to be fed on paper which is very simple to them. Setting closed ended questions also played an ethical role as it has no complications in writing an explanation on the answer. The set of questions in the questionnaire also considered some ethics through ensuring they do not offend anyone who is answering them. They are simple and transparent questions which cannot annoy anyone through any means. Seeking permission from the authorities in different organizations will be a major consideration to ensure we follow a legal process of obtaining our data.

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