Ramadan
In the Islamic calendar, Ramadan is the holiest month. Muslims all over the world fast during this month. The fasting is observed from sunrise to sunset and involves abstaining from conjugal relationships, drinks, and food. However, foods and drinks are taken in small quantities during the night. Physical activities are also reduced during the Ramadan month. Muslims consume carbohydrates rich foods, and drinks in this period than in other months. Their lipid profile is greatly affected during this period because of the dietary habit, amount of unsaturated fat, lack of exercise, and gorging. Studies have revealed various metabolic effects resulting from decreased meal frequency and other intermediaries attributed by fasting. They also found no change in the serum level of triglycerides, as reported in some studies. There were high blood TG levels because of high-carbohydrates intake and fewer activities.
Ziaee et al. (2006) conducted a study to assess the impact on plasma lipids and lipoproteins resulting from Ramadan fasting. The participants were students without any chronic illness, pregnancy, addiction, or taking any medication. The participants were divided into two groups; those taking two meals and those taking three meals daily. The authors found out that the participants experienced weight and BMI reduction. Ziaee et al. (2006) found out that circadian rhythm was different during and after Ramadan. The study’s limitation is that it did not measure each participant’s physical activities and represented only the healthy population. However, the authors concluded a reduction in glucose levels and weight during the Ramadan fasting. They also concluded that there was a rise in LDL levels and a reduction in HDL levels. Ziaee et al. (2006) also concluded that serum lipid levels had significant effects resulting from starvation.