Discussion Questions
Optimism and how it relates to coping with stress by individuals.
Learned optimism is a concept in positive psychology through which joy and optimism can establish. It involves consciously challenging any form of negative self-talk. Generally, learned optimism entails developing the ability to view and perceive the world from a positive angle. It enables individuals to replace negative thoughts with positive ones to become more optimistic. Learned optimism is associated with several benefits, including improving the mechanism for copying by individuals. Learned optimism allows an individual to encounter less stress and enables them to manage with is better. They tend to develop more resilience and recover from adversity more quickly than being overwhelmed by adverse events. Learned optimism enhances positive changes that assist people in improving their lives.
Studies indicate that there is a positive relationship between coping flexibility and learned optimism. This is because optimistic people exhibit approach-oriented coping, which allows them to cope with stress more flexibly than pessimistic people. Therefore, learned optimism promotes flexible coping by directing people to focus on positive aspects of their lives—individuals who are better at taking diverse positive perspectives in stress appraisal exhibit high coping flexibility. Moreover, people who learn and embrace positive beliefs have more significant opportunities of shifting their focus from distressing issues and focus towards a better future, leading to greater coping flexibility. This shows that there exists a strong relationship between learned optimism and stress coping flexibility. It facilitates appropriate coping strategies.
Describe how framing heuristics affect a manager’s escalation of commitment
Escalation of commitment refers to human behavior in which an individual or a group of individuals encountering negative consequences because of a particular decision or action maintains the demeanor instead of altering the course. He or she continues with irrational behaviors. This phenomenon is significantly influenced by framing heuristic. It is worth noting that heuristic is a type of mental shortcut in which individuals make decisions enormously influenced by their current psychology condition. Heuristic plays a crucial role in chose and decisions that managers make. Therefore, framing heuristic enables managers to make decisions regarding the escalation of commitment more quickly. It influences their feelings towards a particular stimulus that impacts the decisions they make. Decision-makers and managers use the heuristic guideline to simplify the decision-making process. It enables them to quickly mover the process of decision making. However, it can limit them on the information they use, leading to judgmental biasness.
Additionally, managers often face a dilemma: maintain a losing course of action or abandon. Notably, managers are likely to commit more resources to the losing action (escalation of commitment). Therefore, Heuristic significantly influence decision making by managers by affecting their decision behavior. Generally, individuals prefer avoiding risk in a decision that seems again and like to take a stake in decision framed as losses.
Managers can choose from different social processes for individual and group decisions. These approaches include processes involving a single individual,
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