Marcus Garvey
This paper will focus on Marcus Garvey and the major highlights of his life. Marcus Garvey was a black nationalist and the leader of pan Africanism, who was born in Jamaica. The movement by Garvey aimed at unifying and connecting people of African descent in the whole world. He was a civil rights activist in the United States, who developed the Negro World newspaper- a shipping organization known as the Black Star Line and the Universal Negro Improvement Association, or UNIA, a genealogical association of black nationalists. The organization advocated for separate but request rights and opportunities for individuals of African origin. The organization also aimed at establishing independent black states around the world, especially in Liberia on the west coast of Africa.
Marcus Garvey’s Early Years
On 17th August 1887, Marcus Garvey was born in St Ann Bay in Jamaica. His father and mother were Marcus Garvey Sr. and Sarah Jane Richards respectively. His father was a stonemason and his mother was a domestic worker. Of all the eleven siblings that Marcus had, he was the only child that survived into adulthood. Garvey joined the school in Jamaica, and when he was fourteen, he left St. Ann’s Bay for Kingston, the islet country’s capital, where he operated as a trainee in a photocopy workshop. According to …. Garvey experienced the first racism when he was in grade school in Jamaica mainly from the white teachers. Working in the print shop allowed Garvey to be involved in labor union for the print tradesmen in Kingston, which would later stage for his activism. He moved to Central America than London in 1912, where he studies law and philosophy. He worked for a Pan-Africanism newspaper and ran discussions at Speakers’ Corner in Hyde Park, London.
Universal Negro Improvement Association
While in London, Garvey had a chance to access the best education that he could have missed while in the United States because of his skin color. After completing his studies, he went back to Jamaica and developed the Universal Negro Improvement Association. He also collaborated with other African American leaders like Booker Washington, who was not only a leader but also an author and an activist born into slavery. Garvey bordered a ship to the United States intending to conduct a lecture tour because he was a dramatic and invigorating public speaker. He later moved to New York, where he wrote the Declaration of Rights of the Negro Peoples of the world. It was during this period that he was also elected as the provisional president of Africa.
Marcus Garvey quotes
Garvey summarized his views on the rights of African Americans in quotes. In most of his lectures, he used various quotes to summarize his main points. For instance, he used to quote that the first dying that is to be done by the black man in the future will be done to make himself free. And then when we are finished, if we have any charity to bestow, we may die for the white man. But as for me, I think I have stopped dying for him. In 1921, he told the members of the Universal Negro Improvement Association that if they wanted liberty for themselves, they must strike to blow, and if they must be free, they must become so through with their effort- until they produce what the white man has produced you will not be his equal.
Black Nationalism
Black Nationalism was a political and social movement that was very prominent in the 1960s and 1070s, in the United States among some African Americans. The movement was developed by Marcus Garvey’s Universal Negro Improvement Association of the 1920s. Through the movement, Gurvey aimed at acquiring economic power and also infuse a sense of community and group feeling among the blacks in the United States. Many supporters of Black Nationalism assumed the eventual creation of a separate black nation by the African Americans. Marcus Garvey sought to maintain and promote the separate identity of the people of the black origin, which was an alternative to the integration by the American Nation, which is mainly white. He also developed slogans like the black power and black is beautiful, which assisted in the instruction of a sense of pride among the blacks.
Black Star Line
Garvey developed the first United States chapter of the Universal Negro Improvement Association in 1917 in Harlem. He started to publish the Negro World newspaper. Garvey’s communication arrangements took on an angry tone- interrogated how the United States could refer to itself as egalitarianism when across the nation individuals of color were still burdened. Together with his friends, Garvey established a shipping company, Black Star Line, under the auspices of the Universal Negro Improvement Association in 1919. The Association grew and attracted more than three million members. Just after the Black Star Line had bought the first ship, it began the program called the African Redemption, Liberia program that aimed at establishing a nation on the west coast of Africa for the African American and those born into slavery or were offspring of slaves.
Spying on Marcus Garvey by J. Edgar Hoover Spies
Garvey becomes a target of a prosecutor to the FBI known as J. Edgar Hoover. His being targeted was due to his outspoken activism and Black Nationalism. The FBI began investigating Garvey on charges of mail fraud concerning a brochure for the Black Star Line that included a photo of a ship before the corporation essentially had a container in its navy. Hoover also referred to Garvey as a notorious Negro activist. He went ahead to hire the first black FBI agent to scout on Garvey in 1919. Garvey was found guilty of the charges in 1923 and was sentenced to a maximum of five years in jail. Garvey censured a Jewish magistrate and Jewish adjudicators for his sentence. According to him, they wanted vengeance contrary to him after he had decided to encounter with the Grand Wizard of the KKK, some months proceeding to the hearing.
Founding the United Negro Improvement Association
Garvey returned to Jamaica in 1912 and founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (U.N.I.A.) intending to unite all of the African diasporas to develop a country and absolute government of their own. After corresponding with Washington Booker, Garvey traveled to the United States to raise funds for the same venture in Jamaica. While in New York, he established the UNIA chapter in Harlem to encourage a nationalist philosophy on social, economic, and political liberty for black people. Garvey began printing the widely dispersed newspaper Negro World to deliver his communication. Garvey continued his political activism and wor of UNIA in Jamaica then relocated to London in 1935. He, however, did not apprehend the same impact he had prior. Maybe in anxiety or maybe in misunderstanding, Garvey collaborated with outspoken segregationist and white chauvinist Senator Theodore Bilbo of Mississippi to endorse a compensation system. The Greater Liberia Act of 1939 would exile twelve million African-Americans to Liberia at national expenditure to dismiss redundancy. The act miscarried in Congress and Garvey misplaced even more provision among the Black populace.
Marcus Garvey after Prison
In 1928, Garvey was released from prison after serving three years of his sentence. He traveled to Geneva, Switzerland to speak to the League of Nations on problems of race and the worldwide abuse of people of color. Garvey returned to Jamaica after a few months and established the People’s Political Party. This party formed by Garvey was the nation’s first modern political organization, which focused on the poor and the rights of workers. He returned to London in 1935 where he lived and worked until his death. Garvey died in June 1940 at the age of fifty-two. His death was caused by a complication caused by two strokes. He was buried in London due to World War II travel restriction that could not allow his body to be transported to the home country. However, his body, in 1964, was exhumed and buried beneath the Marcus Garvey Memorial in National Heroes Park in Kingston. Jamaica.
Legacy of Marcus Garvey
While in London, Garvey continued to write and coordinated the establishment of the School of African Philosophy in Toronto to train future leaders of the Universal Negro Improvement Association. By then, the association had more than a thousand chapters worldwide. Although his bequest as a forerunner and activist lives on, Garvey’s separatist and Black Nationalist opinions were not comprised of many of his aristocracies. Du Bois of the NAACP referred to Garvey as the most hazardous rival of the Negro race in America and the world. Garvey’s supporters preferred to emphasize the most important message, which was engrossed in African American conceit. His quote is displayed in his quote that urges people to sanctify their saints, progress their victims, and rise to positions of fame and honor black men and women who have made their distinct influence on the racial history.
Jamaica’s first modern party
The PPP had earlier had its initial breakthrough as Rev Dr. FG Veitch won a lawmaking council by-election in Hanover chair in 1929. Garvey won by a brim of forty-six elects, beating an adversary whose movement assured to protect the community from Garveyism. The next victory shadowed two months later, when John Coleman Beecher won in another by-election for a seat in the Kingston and St Andrew Corporation council, with a conquest margin of one hundred and thirty-one votes over his neighboring competing. Garvey also discerned success that October, when he when voted to the Kingston and St Andrew Council. Nevertheless, he had been confined and could not take up his location. After attending his verdict, he was permitted to take his seat, but it was professed unoccupied and a by-election was well-ordered. On suggestion day, Garvey was resumed to the assembly unchallenged.
Success and obstacles of Marcus Garvey
Because of the hard work that Garvey displayed, the UNIA cultivated quickly and in just eighteen months, it had branches in twenty-five United States. It also had divisions in central America, West Indies, and West Africa. The NAACP and UNIA varied in their methodology; while the NAACP was a multi-racial association that encouraged racial incorporation, UNIA had a black-only involvement strategy. The NAACP concentrated its devotion on what is referred to as the talented tenth of the African-American populace, like the teachers, lawyers, and doctors while UNIA comprised many inferior individuals and Afro-Caribbean immigrants in its levels, wanting to display an image of itself as a corpus association. To encourage his opinions to extensive viewers, Garvey took to yelling mottos from a loudspeaker as he was compelled through Harlem in a Cadillac There were pressures amid UNIA and the NAACP and the latter’s cohorts blamed Garvey of bewildering their energies at conveying about cultural incorporation in the United States.
Economic Views
Garvey supported capitalism. He believed that capitalism was an important requirement in the growth of the world. According to him, individuals that opposed fought against capitalism were enemies of human development. He urged that no person should be permitted to have control over more than one million dollars and no organization more than five million dollars. He ensured that the UNIA’s main goal was to achieve economic freedom for the African diaspora. Garvey emphasized that without commerce and industry, individuals in a nation die economically. He stated that a Negro perishes because of a lack of economic system. Garvey also encouraged capitalistic ethos for the economic growth of the African –American community in the United States. He aimed at achieving superior monetary freedom for the African-American communal, trusting that it would certify better fortification from discernment.