IMMIGRATION HISTORY
Alien Land Laws
Alien land laws are frequently related to western states trying o limit Immigrants’ occurrence from Japanese in 1913 till the end of the second World war. It was done through preventing, though, not eligible for citizenship from buying or leasing any property in the United States of America where the laws were approved. The states in which the alien land laws were passed and had preventions against the aliens being unqualified for USA citizenship of owning property included Minnesota, Montana, New Mexico, Oregon, Arizona, Arkansas, Nebraska, Utah, Washington, Wyoming, Idaho, Louisiana, California, and Florida[1]
Angel Island
Angel Island immigration station is a facility located on West Coast in the USA between 1910 and 1940. Angel Island is approximately 740 acres, and it is situated in San Francisco in California. The station worked as both an immigration and deportation amenity. Thousands of Japanese and Chinese immigrants were held under cruel conditions for a few months before they were allowed to enter the states. In 1850, Angel Island was declared a reserve for the military by President Millard Fillmore during the Civil war. Angel Island was invigorated to protect the Bay of San Francisco from Confederate forces possible attacks. The island remained an active military base during the Second World War. War Department moved 20 acres of part of the island in 1905 to the Department of Commerce and Labor to launch an immigration station. [2]
Arizona S.B. 1070
Arizona Gov Jan Brewer approved Senate Bill 1070 into law on April 23, 2010, which was intended to prevent all illegal immigration, which has greatly impacted the states bordering over a long time. The law was known as the Safe Neighbors act and Supported Our Law Enforcement. It obligated law enforcement officers to impose the standing laws of federal immigration in states through inspecting the immigration status of any individual who has sensible suspicion of living in the United States of America illegally. The United States Supreme Court had a ruling in 2012. In 2016, there was clearance with plaintiffs who having cooperatively gutted the law. [3][4]
Bhagat Singh Thind Case
Bhagat Singh Thind’s case is the story of how strong institutions used the whiteness idea to determine who will acquire American citizenship. In 1993 Thind immigrated to the United States from an Indian Northern state known as Punjab. Thind left Punjab aged 21 after Emerson and Thoreau’s works inspired him; he went for additional education at the University of California in America and worked at an Oregon lumber mill. When the United States was involved in the World War I, Thind was recruited in the military, where he served until 1918, where he was uprightly discharged. Thind applied for American citizenship in Oregon after he was out of the military and was given naturalization in 1920 by the United States District Court. However, after accepting his application, a naturalization assessor appealed to the Oregon court’s decision, preventing what would have been citizenship after a tough fight.
In the case in the Supreme court in 1923, Thind had a claim for his citizenship based on an identification basis. The court consistently decided against Thind, presiding that Indians were not eligible for citizenship by naturalization as they were not whites.
The Bracero Program
The Bracero Program took millions of Mexica of immigrants or guest workers to the United States of America between 1942 and 1964 through the Bracero program, which mostly were short-term contracts. There was a great chance in Mexican labor and a lot of conflicts between Americans and Mexican. Labor shortages were experienced after World War II; this led to the United States introducing many agreements with Mexico, which were named the Bracero program, aimed at recruiting Mexicans to work railroad works and farms in the United States of America. Approximately two million men from Mexico immigrated to the United States between 1942 and 1964 on short-term contracts. The program had an impact on innumerable both men and women, communities, and families. Whether sweet or bitter, Bracero had an experience that offered opportunities and exploitation. [5][6]
Brown vs. Topeka Board of Education
Brown vs. Topeka Board of Education was a Supreme Court case in 1954 where the judges rule unanimously it was unconstitutional for children’s racial segregation in public schools. Brown v. Board of Education became a keystone of the civil rights movement and helped establish a precedent of education.
California Proposition 187
California Proposition 187 was on the general election ballot, which was an initiated that was later approved. The California Proposition was created for residing immigrants in the United States illegally and was not eligible for public aids. Voters filed federal lawsuits from the states and some groups after the Proposition 187. After the approval of the proposition Matthew Byrne, a federal district judge, three days later, provide a temporary ban on California that prevented the proposition from being enforced. Thereafter Mariana Pfaelzer, another federal judge, issued a permanent ban. California state requested the injunction be dropped and the case to be discharged based on the amendment of federal immigration law. The federal court denied the dismissal of the case. California failed to appeal the decision, which led to the permanent injunction to remain and the case never progresses to the trial.
Cesar Chavez
Cesar Chavez, a Mexican American, was a top union leader and work organizer. Despite the harsh early experience, he was the founder of the National Workers Association that merged to become United Farm Workers. Cavez was born in Yuma, Arizona and his parents were immigrants; in 1939, he moved to California with his family. Later in ten years, they moved to different places in the state. He began a labor organization in 1952, where he encountered Father Donald McDonnell, an organized Community Services Organization employed in his group. After several years Chavez became a national director and later resigned in 1962 and became a co-founder of NFWA in Delano, California. After ten years, they started to organize strikes among the workers, and most of them were successful. Despite the strikes in 1967, he merged with AWOC forming the UFC. Furthermore, Mahatma Gandhi, an Indian independence leader, influenced Chavez; he started to put the farmer-owners on the pressure to granting demands to the strikers. Chavez expanded the UFW out of California and started opening branches in the United States. He regarded illegal immigrants caused the strike breaks. He started a campaign on illegal immigration in the USA that resulted in violence under the border of Mexico and the USA.
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
The exclusion act was a law in the United States approved by President Chester A. Arthur in 1886, whose main aim was to prohibit Chinese laborers from immigrating. Based on the Page Act of 1887 than barred immigration of Chinese Women in the USA. The Exclusion act remains the first and the only law to be implemented that prohibited immigration of every member of a particular ethnic group to the USA.
Chicano movement
The Chicano movement was also known as El Movimiento; it was a political and social movement stimulated by the fight among Mexican descent, mostly in the 1940s and 1950s at Pachucos. It was also pushed by the Black Power movement that operated to hold Chicano identity, cultural revitalization, and rejected assimilation to attain community empowerment. The Chicano movement was influenced greatly by the Black Power Movement, who both the two movements had comparable aims to the community. The Chicano movement faced strong state surveillance from American government informers from the activities they planned.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
The Act was approved to be a law in 1964 by President Lyndon Johnson, which prevented public places discrimination, passing employment discrimination illegal, and integration in schools was approved. It banned voter registration requirements of the unfit application, racial discrimination in schools, public housings, and discrimination in workplaces.
Civil Rights Movement
In the 1950s and 1960s, from the desire for equality and freedom, people of color like African Americans. After the end of slavery, discrimination and motivated violence on race were widespread, which infused personal aspects for black people’s lives. The civil rights movement was passed between 1954 and 1968. Amendments were made in a short period of time and had a huge impact on myriad, which is still seen in today’s society.
Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals
President Barrack Obama formed a new policy in 2012 for delayed for particular young people who immigrated to the USA as children and are not documented. The application for the DACA program started late that year. People who have not been in either removal proceedings in the removal proceedings whoa are in the last orders of the removal are the ones who are granted the Deferred action. From the color of law, the ones with deferred action can apply for authorization of employment.
Displaced person act
The Persons Act immigration program occurred from the massive requirements to take care of the displaced people at the end of the Second World War in Europe. America assisted fund momentary DP cramps admitting a huge number of a displaced person permanently as citizens.
Dred Scott Case
Dred Scott Case was a long battle for freedom by the enslaved black man known as Dred Scott. The case was heard through various courts then reached the Supreme court of the United States. The supreme court’s decision provided thrust to the anti-slavery movement and was one the main cause of the Civil War.
Ellis Island
The Island is a historical site that was beginning to be an immigration station in 1882 and operated for 60 years before being closed in 1954. Ellis Island is located at Hudson River mouth between New Jersey and New York.
Executive Order 9066-Japanese and Internment Geary Act 1892
The executive order was a presidential order in the United States of America, which was approved and issued in the second World war in 1942. The order sanctioned the war secretary to suggest particular areas as a military base; this was to clear the way for the incarceration of Italian Americans, Japanese Americans, and German Americans.
Gentlemen Agreement
The agreement is a legal non-obligatory agreement among more than two parties. However, despite the agreement usually being oral, the agreement can also be written or easily understood as a portion of an unspoken agreement by mutually valuable protocol. Gentlemen’s agreement essence depends on the party’s fulfillment honor instead of being enforced.
Golden Exiles
Cubans immigrations between 1959 to 1962 Cuban Revolution was named the Golden exile, and the immigration wave for the first time was a bigger Cuban exile. Upper and the middle class in the immigration were why the exodus was named the Golden exile. Cubans who were working in the overthrown Batista regime left the country when the revolution was successful.
Great Migration
Irish
The spectacular migration from Ireland has been recorded since the early Middle Ages but can be measured to be 1700. From that time, around 9 and 10 million Irish born have emigrated. The figures are more than Ireland population during the historical peak in 1840 of 8.5 million. Emigration from Ireland from 1765 was persistent, short, and successfully regulated national enterprise. Irish-born people who were living abroad in 1890 were 40 percent. People who had Irish decent in the 21st century have been approximately 80 million, of whom 36 million in America have claimed to be of Irish ethnicity.
Italian
Italy has two main diasporas were; the first one started in 1880 after the Unification of Italy and came to an end between 1920 and 1940 after the rise of Fascism in Italy. The main causes of emigration were poverty, lack of land. Italy had small cities and towns with new industrialization. The second diaspora began after the Second World war ended and lasted until the 1970s. The two had the largest emigration period in history, the Italian citizens who live outside Italy are over five million, and globally 80 million people have Italian Ancestry.
Hernandez vs. Texas
Hernandez vs. Texas became the first and only civil-rights case Mexican-American heard and decided the Supreme Court of the United States after the Second World War period. The ruling was unanimous after the court ruled that all Immigrants, either Mexican American or any other nationality group in America, under the 14th Amendment to have equal protection. United States Chief Justice wrote the ruling, with the case being the first case Mexican-American lawyers to appear in the Supreme Court.
History of Britain immigration to the US
British immigration to North America started has been under an unbroken line from 1607 to the 21st century. There have been very great transformations over various centuries; the first British immigration group introduced new cultures, and most of them were assimilated easily into American culture. There have been several subgroups of British immigrants. In the first hundred years of immigration, the Scottish immigrants were separate from the British developing their own distinctive outlines. Until the early 20th century, Ireland was part of the United Kingdom, and their immigrants had different immigration patterns. Immigrants from Wales had different features, which were extremely difficult to separate from main English patterns.
History of Chinatown
Chinatown is an ethnic area of the people of China who are located outside China’s mainland. The existing Chinatowns include Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Macau. Other areas known as Chinatown globally exist in North America, Africa, South America, Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and Australia. The growth of these Chinatowns has significantly led to mass immigration with no or very few Chinese residents. In Manila, Binondo that was established in 1954, has remained and known as the oldest Chinatown. Other early Chinatowns outside Asia are in Australia. Melbourne’s Chinatown and the United States have San Francisco Chinatown; these towns were created during the California and Victoria gold rush in Australia. Montville is an example of the modern-day that resulted from the Chinese worker’s displacement in Manhattan Chinatown after the attacks in 2001.
Immigration Act of 1917
The Immigration Act of 1917, also known as the Literacy Act, was a US Act intended to control immigration by creating new categories of excluded persons, imposing literacy tests on immigrants, and excluding immigration from the Asia-Pacific zone. The comprehensive immigration act the United States had conceded awaiting that time followed the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 in making crack to nativism. The 1917 act ruled immigration policy until it was amended by the Immigration Act of 1924. Both acts have been revised by the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952.
Immigration Act of 1924
The Immigration Act of 1924, also called the Johnson-Reed Act, including the Asian Exclusion Act and National Origins Act, was a Unites States federal law that prohibited migration from Asia, set quotas on the number of immigrants from the Eastern Hemisphere, and delivered capital and an enforcement mechanism to carry out the long-standing ban on other immigrants.
The 1924 act replaced earlier acts to efficiently ban all immigration from Asia and set a total immigration slice of 165,000 for countries in the Western Hemisphere, an 80% reduction from the pre-world war 1 average. Slices for specific countries were based on 2% of the U.S. population from that country, as recorded in 1890. Therefore, populations unwell represented in 1890 were barred from immigrating in equal numbers-especially affecting Italians, Greeks, Poles, Eastern European Jews, and other Slavs. Rendering to the U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian, the act’s tenacity was to preserve the ideal of U.S. homogeneity.
A key constituent of the act was its supplies for enforcement. The act delivered capital and lawful instructions to courts of deportation for immigrants whose national quotas were overdone. Furthermore, the development of the U.S. Border Patrol was accredited under the National Origin Act. The 1924 act’s necessities were reread in the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 and substituted by the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965.
Immigration Act of 1965
The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, which is also referred to as the Hart-Celler Act, is a centralized law approved by the 89th United States Congress and contracted into the law by President Lyndon B. Johnson. The law removed the National Origins Formula, the foundation of U.S. immigration policy since the 1920s. The act detached de facto discernment against Eastern and Southern Europeans, Asians, and other non-Northwestern European cultural groups from American immigration policy.
The National Origins Formula was recognized in the 1920s to preserve American homogeneity by encouraging Northwestern Europe’s immigration. During the 1960s, at the altitude of the Civil Rights Movement. This method increasingly came under attack for being racially discriminatory.
With the Johnson administrator’s backing, Senator Philip Hart and Congressman Emanuel Celler introduced a bill to revoke the formula. The bill established wide support from both northern Democratic and Republican associates of Congress, but strong opposition from Southern Republicans and Democrats, the previous typically voting Nay or Not Voting. The issue served as an inter-party commonality amongst constituents and reflected the similar Congressional District and Representative voting patterns. The act also set an arithmetical limit on immigration from the Western Hemisphere for the first time in U.S history. The act importantly increased the entire number of settlers coming to the United States and the portion of immigrants coming to the United States from Asia and Africa.
Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986
The Immigration Reform and Control Act was approved by the 99th United States Congress and contracted into law by USA President Ronald Reagan on Nov 6, 1986. Transformed US immigration by making it unlawful to hire banned immigrants knowingly. It also endorsed most undocumented refugees who had attained in the country preceding January 1, 1982.
Jim Crows Laws
They were laws demanding racial segregation in the United States. They were enforced in various states between 1876 and 1965. They acted after the civil war, where they were segregating black and white people in all public buildings. Blacks were treated worse than whites. The exclusion was done in the armed forces, restaurants, schools, buses, and jobs that black people got. In 1954, the US Supreme Court reigned that such discrimination in state-run schools was against the US Constitution. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) fought against the Jim Crow laws.
Jones Act of 1917
It was enacted on March 2, 1917. Was an act of the United States Congress, signed by President Woodrow Wilson on March 2, 1917. The acted granted U.S citizenship to anyone born in Puerto Rico on or after April 11, 1899. The Act also formed the Senate of Puerto Rico, recognized a bill of rights, and authorized a Resident Commissioner’s election.
Luce-Cellar Act
It is an act of the US Congress that provided 100 Filipinos and Indians from Asia to immigrate to the US per annum. These Americans could own property under their names and even appeal for their immediate family members from overseas. It was proposed by Clare Boothe Luce, who was a Republican and Democrat Emanuel Celler in 1943. U.S. President Harry Truman signed it on July 4, 1946. People from India were not qualified to establish in the US.
Bibliography
Craig, Richard B. The Bracero Program: Interest groups and foreign policy. University of Texas Press, 2014.
Joppke, Christian. Immigration and the nation-state: the United States, Germany, and Great Britain. Clarendon Press, 1999.
Lai, David Chuenyan. Chinatowns: Towns within cities in Canada. UBC Press, 2007.
Shah, Nilay. “The Luce-Celler Act of 1946: White Nationalism, Indian Nationalism, and the Cosmopolitan Elite.” Ph.D. diss., 2014.
Tischauser, Leslie Vincent. Jim crow laws. ABC-CLIO, 2012.
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[1].Sullivan, Charles H. “Alien Land Laws: A Re-Evaluation.” Temp. LQ 36, (1962): 15.
[2]. Lee, Erika, and Judy Yung. Angel Island: Immigrant Gateway to America. Oxford University Press, 2010.
[3]. Chin, Gabriel J., Carissa Byrne Hessick, Toni Massaro, and Marc L. Miller. “A legal labyrinth: Issues raised by Arizona Senate Bill 1070.” Geo. Immigr. LJ 25, (2010): 47.
[4]. Yang, Kou. “Thind, Bhagat Singh 373.” Making it in America: A Sourcebook on Eminent Ethnic Americans (2001): 372.
[5]. Craig, Richard B. The Bracero Program: Interest groups and foreign policy. University of Texas Press, 2014.
[6] . Ethridge, Samuel B. “Impact of the 1954 Brown vs. Topeka Board of Education decision on Black educators.” The Negro Educational Review 30, no. 4 (1979): 217.