Eight Stages That A Person Goes Through To Be Fully Developed
According to Eriksonian, there are eight stages that a person goes through to be fully developed. The first stage is trust versus mistrust. This stage takes place from birth to 12-18 months old. Children develop trust when they have someone to depend on. The second stage is autonomy versus shame. This stage takes place when a child is between 18months- 3 years. This stage determines the self-esteem of a child. The third stage is initiative versus guilt, which takes place when the child is between 3-5 years. This is where the child knows that they can control what they do. The fourth stage is the industry versus inferiority stage, which takes place between the ages of 5-12 years. This is when a child realizes that they have the ability to set and achieve goals. The fifth stage is identity versus confusion, where the child is able to develop a sense of self-identity and work towards the future. The sixth stage is intimacy and isolation, which takes place between the ages of 18-40 years old. This is where people develop relationships. The seventh stage is the generativity and stagnation stage. This is where people give back to others. The eighth stage is integrity versus despair, which takes place from 65 years and above. In this stage, a person is proud of what he/she has achieved (Lewis, 2020).
There are four stages that Piaget put forward to explain cognitive development. The first stage is the sensorimotor stage that takes place from the time of birth to two years. In this stage, children use their sensations and movements t better understand the word. They learn through different actions such as listening and sucking. The second stage is The Preoperational Stage, which takes place between 2-7 years. In this stage, children start to think about everything symbolically. They also start using objects to represent when they mean. In this stage also, they start to learn new words. Children also start to understand other people and see things from different angles. The third stage is the concrete operational stage that takes place between the ages of 7 and 12. In this stage, children start to see events from a logical perspective. In this stage, children start to make sense of conversations. Children also start to think before they act. They start having organized and logical thinking. The fourth stage is the formal operational stage, which takes place from the age of 12 and above. Here, adolescents start to have deductive reasoning. Adolescents start to use the general principle of reasoning with things to do with moral, political, and social problems (Cherry, 2020).
The development stage between childhood and adulthood is broken down into various stages that signify the milestones achieved in the various stages. The first phase is the prenatal stage. The prenatal stage can affect the future development of a child. The second phase is the early childhood period. The period between infancy and early childhood has a significant impact on the growth of the child. This is because the child experiences many changes, and a child learns how to cope with the changes. The third phase is the middle childhood phase. In this period, children undergo various changes, both physically and mentally. Children start to have a sense of leaving a mark in the world. They start to work towards building friendships and getting good results in school. The fourth stage is the adolescence stage. In this stage, adolescents search for a sense of identity. It is believed that this face has the biggest impact on how the child will be in the future. The fifth stage is early adulthood. In this stage, people tend to work toward building relationships. The sixth stage is the middle adulthood stage. In this stage, people want to give back to society. This helps people to have a sense of satisfaction (Cherry, Developmental Psychology, 2019). The final stage is the older adult, which is mostly characterized by poor health. However, some people stay active even in old age.
As per Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory, moral development in human beings takes place in a linear manner. Moral development occurs in a sequential manner that takes place as one develops from one stage to the other. Thus, the manner in which moral development takes place can be predicted. His theory acknowledges that some youths take a longer time to develop, and some of them do not reach the highest level. However, his approach does not acknowledge the stages that the youth has mastered compared to other theories that explain moral development. As per Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory, adolescent masters the conventional level of reasoning, which is the mid-level reasoning stage. At the mid-level, the morals are determined by standards that are set aside by the community. The conventional level is further divided into the morality of interpersonal cooperation and the social-order-maintaining orientation. The stage of the morality of interpersonal cooperation is where an adolescent tries to behave in actions that are considered good to society. In the social-order-maintaining orientation stage, people determine good morals and what is not of good morals (Morelli, n.d).