Cultural Diversity
Studies show that people in countries such as Japan and Korea tend to evaluate themselves critically in surveys; they tend to consider themselves as not necessarily hard-working. Explain the reasons for such cultural response bias.
There is proof that reply styles are prejudiced by society culture. According to the numerous research conducted, researchers suspect that some cross-functional differences observed on self-report measures of personality are attributable to response bias. For instance, Japan has been shown to score the lowest among thirty-six different countries when the countries are categorized according to the attribute of carefulness. The reduced levels of extreme responding and tendency for moderate responding observed In East Asia cultures have been attributed to a dialectical thinking style. According to… cultural alignments of socialism, decency, and independence can also impact on the survey replies by prompting question understanding and reply editing. Japan and Korea are ideal instances of social response prejudice. These countries develop tremendously increased cultural values for being prepared, determined, and success leaning. Almost every exertion falls petite of these established demands. Related with these ethics, nearly everyone in these countries is required to report on a self-report scale that he or she is less prepared and strong-minded than is normally the case in these specific beliefs.
A distinction between individualistic and collectivistic cultures has been invoked to explain these differences between japan and Korea. According to …. Western cultures are very reasonable and distinctive and people are fortified to think of themselves in means that differentiate them from the rest. In disparity, Eastern beliefs are more collectivistic and persons are advised to think of themselves in means that stress on their cohesion with other people.
Native Americans and Alaska Natives report a higher prevalence of pain symptoms and painful conditions when compared with the general population of the United States. What is your understanding of these findings?
Native Americans and Alaska Natives report a higher prevalence of pain symptoms and painful conditions when compared with the general population of the United States. After various researchers conducted various studies, they identified that most of these patients face this problem because of those patients use patterns of medical communication related to the pain that distinguishes them from their primarily non-Native healthcare providers and may lead to miscommunication. pain symptoms and painful conditions are highly prevalent, with 11 of the 12 epidemiological studies finding a higher prevalence among AI/ANs than in the U.S. general population. A large majority addressed pain in populations with specific medical conditions, while only 4 examined pain per se. Clinical studies that have illuminated issues related to overall pain perception and sensitivity in other populations are entirely lacking for Native populations, and research on relationships between pain and comorbid conditions is rare. culture may play a key role in the experience of pain for AI/ANs and Aboriginal Canadians, in ways that may carry implications for medical assessment. A body of research indicates that Native patients embrace culturally-grounded health beliefs and values, along with distinctive models of health and illness that distinguish them from their healthcare providers and sometimes result in medical miscommunication. Patient-provider communication emerged as an important area of concern in pain and pain treatment. AI/ANs perceive medical providers as uninterested in their pain, and they lack faith in providers’ abilities to treat it. Conversely, medical providers perceive these patients as exaggerating their pain, a perception that detracts from patient-provider interaction.
It is assumed that multicultural experiences foster the creative expansion of ideas. Consider expatriate artists and writers whose brilliant insights emerged when they left their homeland settled in a foreign country. Do you think that creativity can be sparked when a person is exposed to a foreign culture?
A study of samples in 32 countries showed that individualism was positively correlated with higher expressivity of emotions, especially happiness, and surprise. Individualism was negatively correlated with the expression of sadness. What is your understanding of these research findings?
The present study was conducted to assess the role of emotional expressions as social signals of norm violation in a cross-cultural context. Because anger expressions are based on an appraisal of norm violation, we had predicted that anger is a powerful signal of norm violation (H2). Yet, cross-cultural research suggests that the perception of anger varies with cultural norms and decoding rules. More recent research also suggests that emotions may vary in their social-relational meaning between independent and interdependent cultures (Kafetsios et al., under review). These considerations allow for the possibility that the social signal value of anger expressions varies with culture. This can be either as a function of cultural differences in emotion perception, based on display/decoding rules or as a function of differential use of emotions in different cultures. The present research provides evidence for both notions. even though across the four cultures clear evidence for the universality of emotion perception emerged, in that anger expressions were rated as most angry, sadness expressions as most sad, and neutral expression as most indifferent, there were nonetheless substantial between-culture differences in emotion ratings (H1). In particular, German participants were especially prone to perceive anger, whereas Greek participants were more likely to perceive sadness, replicating observations by …. Also, participants from the US were more likely to perceive the expressers as indifferent. These findings suggest that members of different cultures are differentially sensitive to specific emotions. At the same time, Israeli participants overall differentiated best between the three types of expressions, which may reflect an in-group advantage as the expressions were created in Israel?
For years, sexual orientations other than ‘heterosexual’ were considered a mental illness in the United States. Is this still perceived as an illness today? Do you agree or disagree?
In the current world, sexual orientations other than heterosexual are not perceived as a mental illness in the United States. In the 1950s, therapists applied the aversion type of therapy to cure homosexuality by showing patients pictures of naked men while giving them drugs to make them vomit and electric shocks. In 1968, DSM considered homosexuality as a mental disorder. In the 19th century, DSM promoted homosexuality from sin to mental illness. When members of the convention were asked to vote on whether homosexuality was a mental disorder. Many voted for the removal of homosexuality from DSM but the APA compromised the removal and replaced it in effect with sexual orientation disturbance for people who conflicted with their sexual orientation. In 1987, homosexuality was completely erased from the DSM.
In 1992, the world health organization(WHO) detached homosexuality from its ICD arrangement with the publication of ICD-10- the person is not in uncertainty about his or her sexual predilection but desires it were dissimilar due to the related psychological and behavioral disorders. The fruition of the position of homosexuality in the taxonomies of mental illnesses highlights that ideas of mental illness can be quickly emerging social concepts that change as society vicissitudes. Today, the standard of psychotherapy in the U.S. and Europe is a gay assenting analysis, which inspires gay people to consent to their sexual orientation.
Research shows that in Buddhist and Western societies may encourage two somewhat different types of motivation, namely “maximizing” and “satisfying.” Explain both briefly
Maximizers crave for the best possible outcome while satisfiers desire an outcome that is good enough to meet some criterion. Most maximizers show meaningfully less life gratification, happiness, hopefulness, and self-esteem, and significantly more regret and depression, than did satisfiers. The effects of adaptation may be worse for maximizers than satisfiers because maximizers have developed standards of suitability than satisfiers, so that variation is more likely to be unsatisfactory. Also, the decisions of maximizers involve better exploration charges than the decisions of satisfiers. A maximizer is more likely to depend on social comparison than a satisfier. The truth of this claim seems inherent in the logic of the matter. There is a high expectation in maximization than in satisfaction. Given the practical constraints on search and the adaptation processes already mentioned, excessively high expectations are more likely to be met with disappointment. To the extent that subjective well-being is in significant part a function of the relationship between expectations and reality, as seems likely, maximizers will often find that relation unsatisfying and unsatisfactory. The foregoing discussion helps explain why being a maximizer may make one less happy. Because maximization is continually chasing the best possible option when making a decision, maximizers try to gather and analyze all of the information available to them. Information about one’s relative standing with one’s peers—that is, social comparison information—is likely to be an important source of information in their decision-making process. Thus, maximizers are expected to be more interested in social comparison feedback and more sensitive to such feedback than satisfiers.
References
Van Klinken, A., & Chitando, E. (Eds.). (2016). Public religion and the politics of homosexuality in Africa. Routledge.
Jäckle, S., & Wenzelburger, G. (2015). Religion, religiosity, and the attitudes toward homosexuality—A multilevel analysis of 79 countries. Journal of homosexuality, 62(2), 207-241.
Henschke, N., Kamper, S. J., & Maher, C. G. (2015, January). The epidemiology and economic consequences of pain. In Mayo Clinic Proceedings (Vol. 90, No. 1, pp. 139-147). Elsevier.
Kim, H. J., Yang, G. S., Greenspan, J. D., Downton, K. D., Griffith, K. A., Renn, C. L., … & Dorsey, S. G. (2017). Racial and ethnic differences in experimental pain sensitivity: systematic review and meta-analysis. Pain, 158(2), 194-211.