Question 1 :
Answer: Competitive advantage defines as the ability to face and overcome competition. Usually, by evaluating competitors’ strengths and weaknesses and examining a way to fill existing gaps, solutions can be created to create a competitive advantage. Companies, when they have better features than their competitors, actually create a boundary for their competition.
A SWOT method means four items, namely STRENGTH, WEAKNESS, OPPORTUNITY, AND THREAT, that assist the authorities of a company in evaluating their competitive advantage level compared with other competitors in the target market by analyzing these options. Besides, Michael Porter identified three main ways to achieve a sustainable advantage that identified these strategies by researching hundreds of companies.
1-Cost Leadership: Cost leadership means that companies offer a reasonable price at a lower price
2-Differentiation Separation or differentiation means that some companies offer better benefits than any other company.
3-Focus.: Concentration means that the company’s leaders know the goals and needs of the market better than anyone else. [1]
For any company in a foreign market is a necessity to have a competitive advantage compared to their rivals since this concept has a direct association with customer desired values and prevent other competitors imitate and copy them in manufacturing products. It means that competing without having a competitive advantage is like competing in Formula One with a bike. Therefore, competitive advantage is a vital chain to achieve their financial goals by attracting more clients.
Question 2 :
Answer: many perceive that famous companies with various sources, creativity, and reputation can easily dominate small businesses, but it is wrong. Small businesses, like local stores, have different unique competitive advantages.
Despite the small size of small businesses, their size could be a practical element to overcome significant challenges in the current substantial international and digital market with the presence of large companies. New research conducted by the American Institute for Economic Research indicates the critical factors for local business owners’ success. In the following, the significant factors are available.
Quality, Selection, Niche Products:
Approximately most large retailers are interested in
Superior Customer Service:
People and their relationship with store owners and employees of a local retailing market play a significant role in small business. It is not ordinary for customers of big brand retail to have a deep connection with the CEO or general managers or even clerks. What local markets and their stuff have is more extensive than business and financial scope. It is likely for small firms to have a deep and friendly connection with their customers compared with large companies. Human relationship and their feeling toward each other are a competitive advantage for local markets since local customers are likely to purchase physically of stores in their city than buying things online.
Responsiveness:
Most large companies cannot reach their clients’ demands and problems quickly or make decisions in non-standard circumstances. Small and local firms have the advantage of sending their workers miles away to fix or provide their customers’ needs and problems or respond as fast as they can where large firms cannot or will not. [2]
Question 3 :
Answer: most experts believe that globalization is a two-edged sword and has dramatically affected cultural aspects. It has created a wide range of advantages, while we cannot underestimate its detrimental impacts on countries’ national culture. The positive side is sharing and interchanging our beliefs, cultural views, ideas, interests through the Internet, and excellent access to various social media networks. People now can quickly get information regarding other countries’ cultures and people, which assist them in eliminating nation gaps and huge global problems such as racism, discrimination, political and religious conflicts. However, the negative aspect is forgetting our traditions and cultural norms. For instance, in today’s world, it is noticeable that youngsters have a similar lifestyle, habits, preferences, making them like faceless people with no identity.
In Iran, there has always been a controversy that discusses this topic. Since Iran’s revolution in 1979, Islamic extremists got control of the government and critical decision-making positions. Concerning the anti-imperialism nature of the Islamic regime in Iran, the authorities have had a hostile relationship with western countries, causing them to think that globalization is a part of western countries’ policy to exploit and dominate their lifestyle and religion. Nevertheless, what Iranians think about it? Globalization has had a significant impact on them. Nowadays, they communicate with different people around the world with different views and mindsets through social media. At the beginning of the revolution, almost 90-percent of people were extremely religious and racist. However, today, many Iranians, especially youths and teens, are educated and think like modern citizens in developed countries. They now understand that the key to development and confronting global issues is having a good relationship with all countries around the world based on national interests, not having a conflict with modern countries rooted from conspiracy theories and close-minded thinking.
Regarding consumption patterns, it has dramatically affected Iran. Globalization has improved the welfare level of Iranians thanks to free trade with a variety of countries. Unfortunately, the negative impacts of globalization are more than its positive effects,
but how? Iran’s society comprises three classes upper-class, middle-class and low class, and all people in these categories try more and more to become similar to modern citizens in developed countries but in a negative way. Consumption of fast food, alcohol drinks, or even drugs has increased considerably. The development of large stores (groceries, home furnishings, clothing, electronics) under one roof has accustomed people to mass consumerism. Iranians are more extremist than foreigners in consumerism to show that they have a high socioeconomic status. Most Iranian families have two cars in their garage, causing air pollution and burning more fossil fuels. Consumption of electricity has approximately doubled compared to a decade ago.
Question 4
Answer :
Does religion matter? One of the hottest debates regarding the significance of religion for economic development was started in 1904 by Max Weber. The German sociologist argued that the Protestant work ethic was an essential factor for the birth of capitalism in Northern Europe. The Calvinist branch of Protestantism, in particular, believes that God blesses individual economic success on Earth. Work is like a prayer; investment is like worship.[3]
This spiritual growth is also changing the global marketplace. Today, three of the top five economies are Christian-majority. However, in 40 years, only one is projected to be. The other four top economies in 2050 will include countries where Hindus, Muslims, Buddhists, and the unaffiliated predominate.[4]
There are various factors that companies need to evaluate regarding religion before joining global trade, namely sacred objects, a philosophical system, beliefs and norms, prayer, taboos, holidays, and rituals. For instance, a Dutch company is willing to export to Nigeria. Let us have a look at their religious culture.
Religons in Nigeria : Muslim 53.5%, Roman Catholic 10.6%, other Christian 35.3%, other .6% (2018 est.)
Nigeria population : 214,028,302 (July 2020 est.)
The first point of this data shows that more than half of the people in Nigeria follow Islam religion. In Islam, alcoholic beverages and peak meat are strictly forbidden; therefore, the Dutch company is vital to note that in their assessments. Besides, there have always been civil wars between Christians, which mostly live in the south and Muslims that mostly live in the north. There are various terrorist Islamic groups in Nigeria, including:
Boko Haram: aim(s)
Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)
Al-Qaeda
These groups are willing to enforce Islamic laws called Sharia and making foreigners leave their lands.
The major Christian celebrations of Christmas and Easter are recognized as national holidays. Muslims observe Ramadan, the Islamic month of fasting, and the two Eids.
Working hours in the north often vary from those in the south so that Muslims do not work on their holy day, which is Friday.[6]
Question 5 :
Answer:
- Most experts believe that Americans are the number one victim of the trade dispute between the U.S. and China due to the massive increase in costs for manufacturing products, which used to export from China at lower prices. There is a rational relationship between the tariff rate and the decrease in citizens’ purchase power. But how? Different researches indicate that the cost of solar modules in us is 20 % higher than in European countries, 40 % and 50 % higher than in Japan and China. It clearly shows that a 25 percent tariff on china forces Americans to pay higher for installing solar panels.
- By imposing a 25 % tariff on Chinese solar facilities, it is predictable that the Chinese side would impose a tax on American companies as retaliation, which could lead a large number of solar panel companies in us to go bankrupt and fire or make redundant their employees. American solar companies are highly dependent on Chinese cosmic fragments, especially polysilicon, to decline their manufacturing expenses. Many energy professionals predict that U.S. solar companies will cancel their new projects due to the increasing cost of imported solar panels as well as job losses and following economic crises in one of the most pioneer industries in America.
- China is the dominant country of having polysilicon, making it the global leader of the solar product industry. Now, China controls 95% of ingot and wafer (required fragments for producing solar cells) export market. After imposing tariffs, American companies will turn back to the U.S. While domestic Chinese firms could improve their facilities, reach the local markets, and ultimately reduce production costs to a level where foreign companies will not be able to compete. China’s dependency on western solar markets could eliminate in two fundamental ways: increasing domestic installations and absorbing new export markets. In the early 2000s, China had a massive export volume with the E.U. and the U.S., but other potential countries replaced. China owns a vital role in the global solar industry, producing up to 70 percent of the world’s solar panels and installing over half of them. These tariffs will not alter it.
- Undoubtedly, a large number of economists assume the US-china trade war could be beneficial in this case for European leaders and their citizens. If us imposes tariff upon china, then china will look into other foreign markets like the E.U. Although America is a strategic partner for European countries, it is obvious they want to implement their policies, particularly in the renewable energy sector. But why? It might be a reason for markets growing all over the world. Apart from the five dominant markets, including China, the US, India, Japan, and Australia, there have been indications of arousal in some European markets, both old and new. The revival originated from the Paris Agreement, in which members of the E.U. recommenced to enhance the proportion of renewable energy in an attempt to lessen carbon emissions. This brought module needed to rise from 11.9GW in 2018 to 21.8GW in 2019. The demand requires to keep growing to 24GW in 2020, registering a growth of higher than 10%. Accordingly, importing less expensive parts of China’s solar panels could result in more purchases by consumers due to its reasonable prices.
Question 6 :
Answer:
In international trade, different factors are involved, including internal or external elements. In the following, the factors of each country suggest an appropriate view.
External factors consist of language, religion, values and attitudes, law, politics, technology and material culture, social organization, and education.
Please note that language, religion, population, transportation, and communication data were taken through CIA Factbook for each country; therefore, there is no need to add each part of the related links. However, in the references, relevant links are available for each country.
Australia
language: English
ther official language of Australia is English.
Religion: Australia has no official religion, but most people are Christian.
Most states and territories celebrate public holidays on the same day. Small businesses may close on public holidays. Some of the leading public holidays, apart from Christmas and Easter, include Australia Day and Anzac Day.[7]
Values and attitudes :
Time :
Tardiness reflects poorly in a professional setting, so make sure to arrive on time or slightly early. If you are chairing the meeting, it is more crucial to start punctually.
[8]
Work: Australians are quite direct and clear-cut in their business communication. That is not to say that Australians are not hard workers – they are. They just have a different workplace etiquette compared to people from other cultures. Australians generally tend to do more during their working hours and do not say no to extra work. At the same time, they strive to keep their work separate from their family lives. [9]
risk-taking: the stance of Australia is around 0.15. [10]
Education: School education is similar across all of Australia, with only minor variations between states and territories. School education (primary and secondary) is compulsory between the ages of six and sixteen (Year 1 to Year 9 or 10). School education is 13 years.2 [11]
Australia’s literacy rate is 99 % in 2020. [12]
Transportation: Australia’s rank in 3 categories (Airports, railway, and road) is 19 and 9 for both railway and highway.
Urbanization:
urban population: 86.2% of total population (2020)
rate of urbanization: 1.43% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)
Energy systems :
Most of Australia’s energy relies on traditional sources—non-renewable fossil fuels. Coal and gas account for about 80% of electricity generation.[14]
communications :
Telephones – fixed lines: almost 8 million people use this system, and its rank is 20 in the world.
Telephones – mobile cellular: almost 28 million people use this system, and its rank is 47 in the world.
Internet users: almost 20 million people use this system, and its rank is 33 in the world.
Broadband – fixed subscriptions: almost 7.5 million people use this system, and its rank is 22 in the world.
science and innovation: Australia is the 19 that innovative country in the world.[15]
politics :
Australia’s political risk is shallow since Australia’s legal system is robust, stable, and transparent with minimal corruption. The stable regulatory environment, combined with a resilient economy, makes Australia an attractive location for foreign direct investment. [16]
In Australia, federal parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy governs the country.[17]
Law :
Australia has six Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) with other countries in force and another eight under negotiation.
Australia has commitments under the World Trade Organisation (WTO) on tariffs and tariff quotas, export subsidies, and domestic support for agricultural products.
Businesses in Australia can import goods from overseas as part of their activities.1 [18]
Australia tariff rates for 2018 was 0.86%, a 0.03% decline from 2017 .[19]
Vietnam :
Languages:
Vietnamese (official), English (second language)
Religion :
Buddhist 7.9%, Catholic 6.6%, Hoa Hao 1.7%, Cao Dai 0.9%, Protestant 0.9%, Muslim 0.1%, none 81.8% (2009 est.)
About 81% of Vietnamese consider themselves non-religious. However, most Vietnamese follow a philosophy or belief called triple religion (tam Giao), a combination of Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. [20]
Maintaining the communist regime, Vietnam is officially an atheist country. However, much Vietnamese practice “informal” religious traditions. For instance, most Vietnamese honour their ancestors and follow rituals for birth, death, marriage, opening a new business, moving. Vietnamese and foreigners are allowed to practice their religions, although these religions are permitted and closely monitored by the Government.[21]
it is illegal for foreigners to perform religious services without government approval.[22]
values and attitudes :
Time and work: In Vietnam, offices are usually open from 7:30/ 8:00 a.m. to 4:30/5:00 p.m. International organizations, international NGOs, or foreign companies usually follow international working standards. However, in local governmental organizations, employees tend to have a long lunch (1.0-1.5 hour) and typically take a nap after lunch, for 30 minutes or one hour, which would last even longer (i.e., 1.5 – 2.00 hour). Also, in these organizations, deadlines and work schedules are not strictly followed (i.e., many people come late while still leaving early; or meetings and events can be scheduled and cancelled at the last minute.[23]
the point of Vietnam risk-taking is almost zero.[24]
Wealth: The Vietnamese have been described as having a strong spirit and desire to make money. One Vietnamese painter told the New York Times, “Getting money, more and more, is what people want. They want to have a new life, a newly rich life, and quite frankly, they do not care what society says about them.”.
The Government may still be communist, but a growing middle class is hungry for everything from Western fashion to beauty products and plasma T.V.s, say market watchers are now rating the emerging economy as a goldmine. [25]
education :
Literacy rate: 95%
Compulsory education lasts ten years, from age 5 to age 14.
Pre-primary 4,589,060
Primary 7,369,125
Secondary 9,288,978
Tertiary 7,195,031
Vocational training :
Economic modernization and steady growth drive Vietnam’s demand for professional skills, which the domestic VET sector is currently unable to meet, in both quality and quantity. Vietnam’s VET sector is not appropriately structured or resourced to deliver services at a level and standard that meets the needs of a modern economy and society.
https://internationaleducation.gov.au › Vietnam › publications › Documents
social organization :
In Vietnam, social organizations are defined as freewill assistance of Vietnamese citizens sharing the non-profit goal of the association and operating under the law and their respective statutes, trying to meet the legal interests of their members and participate in the Management of the State and society.[26]
In Vietnam, social mobility lags behind its economic growth over the last decade, as the country’s poor still lack access to learn new skills and gain better jobs.[27]
urban population: 37.3% of the total population (2020)
rate of urbanization: 2.98% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)
Electricity access:
Almost 99% of the people have access to electricity. (2017)
communication :
Telephones are fixed lines: almost 4 million people use this system, and its rank is 33.
Telephones – mobile cellular: almost 140 million people use this system, and its rank is 11 in the world.
Internet users: almost 50 million people use this system, and its rank is 14 in the world.
Broadband – fixed subscriptions: almost 12 million people use this system, and its rank is 16 in the world.
Transportation: Vietnam’s rank in 3 categories (Airports, railway, and road) is 96,66 and 28.
science and innovation :
according to 60th innovative countries, Vietnam ranked the last one, 60 th. [28]
Politics :
Political risks :
The Vietnamese Communist Party remains solidly in power, despite rising public dissatisfaction over the lack of personal freedom, government corruption, and land captures by the administration. At the same time, the authorities are determined to improve civil society, economic growth.
The regional conflict with China over opposing claims in the South China Sea is currently not high on the list; nevertheless, it remains a critical issue in the bilateral relationship for the future. To counter growing Chinese assertiveness, Vietnam is interested in improving its political and security cooperation with the U.S. and Japan. Nevertheless, its manufacturing sector depends gradually on raw materials imported from China. Moreover, given the regimes’ ideological similarities in both countries, there is still a strong pro-China faction within Vietnam’s Communist Party.
Japan :
Languages: Japanese
Religions: Shintoism 70.4%, Buddhism 69.8%, Christianity 1.5%, other 6.9% (2015 est.)
Religion does not play a significant role in everyday life of most Japanese people today. The average person typically follows the religious rituals at ceremonies like birth, weddings, and funerals. They may visit a shrine or temple on New Year and participate at local festivals (matsuri), most of which have a religious background.[29]
values and attitudes :
time: being on time is the first step towards building trust and reliability in Japan. it is true both in business as well as personal relationships.[30]
Work: Officially, the Japanese work 40 hours a week. The framework itself has been widely challenged in practice. Few employees limit themselves to 40 hours per week. In practice, it is more like 50 hours, on average. Japan is one of the countries with the highest number of overtime hours in the world. Hours not always paid for a low and counterproductive result. [31]
risk-taking :
The Japanese do not feel comfortable with taking risks in making decisions.
Most Japanese companies prefer to start small, test the market first, and then grow big once it is confirmed that there is substantial demand for the product and service, and the Swiss company has proven to be able to deliver what they promised. That is why first-time partners in Japan will always ask, “Do you have a track record in Japan?” [32]
education :
The primary school system in Japan is composed of elementary school (lasting six years), middle school (three years), high school (three years), and university (four years). Education is compulsory only for the nine years of elementary and middle school, but 98.8% of students go on to high school. [33]
literacy rate : 99 % (2014). [34]
More recently, due to changes in the industry and the skills required for work, vocational education and training institutions, especially the specialized courses at professional training colleges (“senmon gakko”), have gained popularity.
Enrolments in these courses are now growing after a period of continuous decline. Vocational schools are attracting not only senior secondary school graduates.
Social organizations :
Social mobility: Japan has the 15th highest level of social mobility in the world, according to a report published Monday by the World Economic Forum.
Ranking highest among Asian countries, Japan scored high marks for educational and work opportunities. However, its rating was pushed down by low wages for workers.[35]
Transportation: Japan’s rank in 3 categories (Airports, railway, and road) is 32,11 and 6, respectively.
Urbanization :
urban population: 91.8% of total population (2020)
rate of urbanization: -0.14% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)
Energy systems :
Electricity – production:
989.3 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Rank in the world: 5
Crude oil – production:
3,200 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Rank in the world: 82
Refined petroleum products – production:
3.467 million bbl/day (2017 est.)
Rank in the world: 5
Natural gas – production:
3.058 billion m (2017 est.)
Rank in the world: 57
science and innovation :
japan in the 12th innovative country in the world with high technology.[36]
Communication :
Telephones – fixed lines: almost 64 million people use this system, and its rank is 3 in the world.
Telephones – mobile cellular: almost 180 million people use this system, and its rank is 7 in the world.
Internet users: almost 117 million people use this system, and its rank is 5 in the world.
Broadband – fixed subscriptions: almost 41 million people use this system, and its rank is 3 in the world.
politics :
according to the mentioned data, political risk is low in Japan, but Japan and South Korea claim Liancourt Rocks (Takeshima/Tok-do) occupied by South Korea since 1954; China and Taiwan also claim the Japanese-administered Senkaku Islands. [37]
Government type: parliamentary constitutional monarchy
Law :
Legal system:
civil law system based on the German model; the system also reflects Anglo-American influence and Japanese traditions; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court
International law organization participation:
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
The case: the central fact is KFC fast-food restaurant chains in Australia, Vietnam, and Japan.
Vietnam: the most popular fast food brand is KFC restaurant, .approxiamtely 57 percent of Vietnamese consume fast food once/month and more. Concerning Vietnam population (95.54 million), its market size is enormous .however, according to some market analysis firms, the downward trend in the growth rate of the leading fast-food chain stemmed from market changes, consumer’s mindset as well as the emergence of alternative segments.
A Euromonitor report showed that KFC and Lotteria still retain their lead. However, their growth rates remain dulled over the past two years, partly due to the expansion of convenience stores, which also serve fast-food, customers changing their preference from time-saving or convenience to healthy foods. [38]
In terms of price, KFC has a better price than competitors, a famous combo. slide 20
Japan: there is severe competition with other fast-food chains in Japan. According to a survey, KFC is ranked 4th, while MacDonald’s is the most popular fast-food brand.[39]
Furthermore, the Japanese rarely consume fast food. [40]. In this modern era, we can rely on packaged and canned foods and processed foods and instant foods. Nevertheless, Japanese people prefer to continue good eating habits like their ancestors.[41]
Australia: KFC is ranked second compared to other fast-food chains. The data indicated that competition is intense, especially with MacDonald’s (most popular fast food brands).
Also, over 17 million Australians consume fast food, which is a massive market compared to its population (25 million). [42]
Growth in the fast-food services industry in Australia has been stable over the past five years (2013 – 2018), with revenue rising by 3.7 percent annually to $20 billion.[43]
Conclusion: the overall data suggests that Australia is much more attractive than Japan. Vietnam has the highest attractiveness since the KFC brand is dominant in this country. Therefore, Australia must be the final target of KFC to beat its first rank rival. (MacDonald’s).
In the following, the images from the excel program are available.
References :
1-https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/strategy/competitive-advantage/
2- https://www.engage2connect.com/2016/09/27/competitive-advantages-of-small-business/
3- https://www.rolandberger.com/en/Point-of-View/The-connection-between-religion-and-business.html
4- https://religiousfreedomandbusiness.org/2/post/2018/05/religions-role-in-business-horasis-global-meeting.html
5- https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ni.html
6- https://www.commisceo-global.com/resources/country-guides/nigeria-guide
7- https://www.careerfaqs.com.au/courses/study-tips/australian-culture-values-and-customs
8- https://www.greatmanagers.com.au/workplace-culture-in-australia/
9- https://www.greatmanagers.com.au/workplace-culture-in-australia/
10- https://ourworldindata.org/which-are-the-most-patient-countries-in-the-world
11-https://www.studyinaustralia.gov.au/english/australian-education/education-system
12- https://countrydigest.org/australia-population/
13- https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Products/8D0713D229579D3CCA25791A0082C403?opendocument
14-
https://www.energy.gov.au/government-priorities/energy-supply
15- https://medium.com/@nikolaypeshev/bulgaria-retains-its-place-in-the-top-50-of-the-most-innovative-countries-c9241333a25d
16- https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Australia/political_risk_long_term/
17- https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/as.html
18- https://www.austrade.gov.au/International/Invest/Guide-to-investing/Running-a-business/Understanding-Australian-business-regulation/Australian-export-and-import-laws
19- https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/AUS/australia/tariff-rates
20- https://www.insideasiatours.com/southeast-asia/vietnamese-culture/religion/
21- https://www.international.gc.ca/cil-cai/country_insights-apercus_pays/ci-ic_vn.aspx?lang=eng#cn-7
22- https://culturalatlas.sbs.com.au/vietnamese-culture/vietnamese-culture-religion#vietnamese-culture-religion
23- https://www.international.gc.ca/cil-cai/country_insights-apercus_pays/ci-ic_vn.aspx?lang=eng#cn-4
24- https://ourworldindata.org/which-are-the-most-patient-countries-in-the-world
25- http://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Vietnam/sub5_9g/entry-3467.html
26- https://vietnamlawmagazine.vn/legal-status-of-social-organizations-in-vietnam-4518.html
27- https://english.vov.vn/society/report-highlights-vietnams-social-mobility-371750.vov
28- https://ceoworld.biz/2019/01/23/here-are-the-60-most-innovative-countries-in-the-world-for-2019/
29- https://www.japan-guide.com/e/e629.html
30- https://www.rediff.com/money/2007/feb/21japan.htm
31- https://www.expat.com/en/guide/asia/japan/19835-the-work-culture-in-tokyo.html
32-https://www.s-ge.com/en/article/export-knowhow/20201-c3-japan-business-meetings
33- https://web-japan.org/kidsweb/explore/schools/
34- https://knoema.com/atlas/Japan/topics/Education/Literacy/Adult-literacy-rate
35- https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/01/20/national/japan-ranked-15th-
social-mobility-world-economic-forum/
36- https://www.visualcapitalist.com/world-most-innovative-economies/
37- https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Japan/political_risk_long_term/ and CIA factbook
38- http://hanoitimes.vn/world-fast-food-revenues-slow-in-vietnam-struggling-to-lure-local-consumers-42199.html
39- https://soranews24.com/2013/09/15/the-top-8-fast-food-chains-in-japan/
40- https://www.statista.com/statistics/561277/japan-average-fast-food-consumption-per-week/
41- https://jpassport.asia/media/151-how-japanese-eating-habits-keep-them-slim-and-healthy
42- https://thebrag.com/australias-favourite-fast-food-chains-revealed-after-mass-survey/
43- https://insideretail.com.au/news/upward-swing-in-demand-for-fast-food-assets-201805