Annotated Bibliography on Re-Victimization of Human Trafficking Victims by the Criminal Justice
Ambagtsheer, F. (2019). Combating human trafficking for the purpose of organ removal: Lessons learned from prosecuting criminal cases. The Palgrave International Handbook of Human Trafficking, 1733-1749. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63058-8_99
There are various reasons why human trafficking occurs. The article examines comprehensively one of the reasons: human trafficking for the purpose of organ removal and how it can be combated. The author asserts that trafficking in humans for the purpose of organ removal (THBOR) is a form of human trafficking that has been neglected, as observed in the limited knowledge that exists on the subject. The article suggests that crime is on the rise globally, while the number of individuals convicted for the crimes is low. Therefore, the journal presents the experiences of prosecutors and the police in two cases that involved THBOR. Consequently, it provides evidence on issues that arise in prosecuting brokers involved in this type of human trafficking. Thus, the author explains that the organ trade should be exclusively focused on by prosecutors and the police as a form of excessive exploitation. Also, recommendations on initiatives to help victims of the latter are made in the article, making it a relevant source of information while examining the topic.
Bouché, V. (2011). Sex trafficking: Inside the business of modern-day slavery (review). Human Rights Quarterly, 33(3), 899-906. https://doi.org/10.1353/hrq.2011.0034
In the article, the author emphasizes human trafficking that is related to sex. Bouché draws much of the literature from Siddharth Kara’s book that explained sex trafficking as a form of modern-day slavery. He describes how sex trafficking is investigated in the text on four continents, thus providing insight on international aspects of human trafficking. Consequently, in the journal, the author explains the trends on the issue where he points out that human trafficking occurs to multiple individuals comprising of women and children. It, therefore, arouses the question of what happens if the criminals a caught. Consequently, it is asserted in the article that vast profits generated by this type of business and its growth. The outcome is that multiple queries are created concerning criminal justice being done to combat the problem.
Busch-Armendariz, N., Nsonwu, M., Heffron, L. C., & Mahapatra, N. (2014). Human trafficking: Exploiting labor. Encyclopedia of Social Work. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.1124
In the article, the authors explain issues concerning human trafficking, specifically for labor. The authors suggest that trafficking for cheap labor is higher than other types of trafficking, such as sexual exploitation. Knowledge of labor trafficking is provided, depicting how it is accomplished with the definition of the terms associated with it. Additionally, laws and policies related to combating labor trafficking are outlined. These laws are essential for the prosecution of human trafficking brokers. Learning about labor trafficking in the journal, therefore, helps in providing insight into the issues that are related to it. Also, the problems depict differences compared to other types of human trafficking, while in other areas, they overlap, which is relevant in analysis. Such an analysis is vital to investigators and researchers in coming up with effective tactics to combat all types of human trafficking. Furthermore, the survivors’ needs are explained in the journal, thus providing knowledge to determine how criminal justice re-victimizes the victims.
Farrell, A., Owens, C., & McDevitt, J. (2013). New laws but few cases: Understanding the challenges to the investigation and prosecution of human trafficking cases. Crime, Law, and Social Change, 61(2), 139-168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-013-9442-1
In the article, the authors Farrell et al. enlighten the readers on the laws that have been enacted in the united states on human trafficking. They mention that despite the rules being present, only a little is known concerning their effectiveness. Therefore, they investigate the latter using various human trafficking cases in 12 counties. Additionally, they interview individuals in law enforcement, such as prosecutors. The article’s findings are that the human traffickers are apprehended but are charged with other lesser crimes. The implication is that the laws are present but not practical, showing that allot has to be done to make it work due to the prosecution’s colossal challenge. Additionally, rules that serve and identify victims should be emphasized instead of only holding traffickers responsible. Finding out why prosecution is not useful is essential in exploring the re-victimization of human trafficking victims in the United States, therefore depicting the article’s relevance in the literature review of the topic.
Hemmings, S., Jakobowitz, S., Abas, M., Bick, D., Howard, L. M., Stanley, N., Zimmerman, C., & Oram, S. (2016). Responding to the health needs of survivors of human trafficking: A systematic review. BMC Health Services Research, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-016-1538-8
Criminal justice to meet the needs of the victim’s evidence-based guidance is required in treating both psychological and physical health consequences. The article asserts that such knowledge exists in small amounts, thus implying research is needed to determine what should be implemented to cater to the problem. Consequently, health providers also lack the knowledge of needs associated with victims of human trafficking. Therefore, the article reviewed literature that can guide how trafficked victims can be taken care of. The experience provided by the journal is consequently requisite for one to gain necessary literature while examining issues related to human trafficking.
Nichols, A. J., & Heil, E. C. (2014). Challenges to identifying and prosecuting sex trafficking cases in the Midwest United States. Feminist Criminology, 10(1), 7-35. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557085113519490
In the article, the writers set out in-depth knowledge of the topic by interviewing social service providers, victim advocates, attorneys, and prosecutors in Midwestern. The findings are that there is a problem in identification that consist of interstate movement, hidden venues, online solicitation, and coercion. Consequently, the prosecution process also faces challenges like overlapping jurisdictions, statute limitations, evidentiary requirements, and reporting errors. Therefore, the article is vital in providing the reader with the obstacles associated with anti-trafficking agents and prosecutors. Also, a recommendation of policies is made in writing, which can deter the latter. Besides, exploring a literature review on victims’ re-victimization requires an in-depth understanding of issues that cause the prosecution to be ineffective and critical issues associated with the victims.
Surette, R. (2018). Media, criminology, and criminal justice. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264079.013.473
Historically, media crime and justice have been intertwined with the media playing a vital role in understanding contemporary crime and criminal justice policies. The press emphasizes various forms of crimes such as rare forensic evidence and homicide where human trafficking lies. Consequently, the media is vital for portraying routine courtroom procedures like trials, which also entail trafficking. Thus, the article is relevant in showing why traffickers are hard to prosecute than other crimes. Consequently, the report asserts that the media is independent of social class, education, and occupation, making it ubiquitous. Furthermore, in the press immersed world, it is not easy to ignore the media’s vital role in explaining criminal justice policies. Therefore, the authors suggest that what we believe and what ought to be done by criminal justice is based on recast, filtered, parsed, and refined content via electronic multimedia entities.