Question four
Six cognitive moral development stages according to Kohlberg’s model of cognitive moral development
Obedient-and-punishment orientation
This stage is based on the child’s desire to obey rules and avoiding being punished. Reasoners judge the morality of an action by its direct consequences.
Instrumental orientation
This stage involves reasoning showing limited interest in the needs of others by a child. The concern for others is not based on intrinsic respect.
Goodboy, nice girl orientation
In this stage, children require other people’s approval, and they usually act to avoid disapproval.
Law-and-order orientation
In this stage, children blindly accept the rules and conventions as they are of importance in maintaining a functioning society.
Social-contract orientation
The view concerning the world is viewed to hold opinions, rights, and values. These perspectives are observed to be unique to each community.
Universal-ethical-principal orientation
Moral reasoning is based on abstract reasoning. The reasoning is based on universal ethical principles.
b)limitations of the CMD model.
Androcentrism.
As per the comments of carol Gilligan, the theory emphasizes justice to exclude other values and therefore failed to address the arguments of those who value other moral aspects of culture.
Cros-cultural generalizability.
The stages are not culturally neutral. This is evidenced in the use of several cultures in theory. Individuals in different cultures progress with the stages of other holders.
Inconsistency in moral judgment.
Carpendale argued that the theory demonstrates inconsistency in moral judgment, and therefore modifications have to be done. The approach is considered to be incompatible with inconsistencies in moral reasoning.
Based on assumptions.
As per the arguments of Jonathan Haidt, individuals make moral judgments without weighing concerns and not through assumptions.
Question five
Should Heinz have stolen the drugs?
Yes. This is based on universal-ethical-principle orientation. Considering this stage, the action of Heinz is based on abstract reasoning. Lack of money to purchase the drugs contributed to the logic, and therefore, Heinz had no other alternative.
Would it change anything if Heinz did not love his wife?
Incase
Heinz did not love his wife; he could not have committed the action. The reasoning could be different, and therefore he could have opted for other options.
What if the person dying was a stranger? Would it make any difference?
Of course, the reasoning could be different, and there would be a difference. For a stranger’s case, Heinz could have a different judgment, and therefore, he could not have stolen the drugs.
Should the police arrest the chemist for murder if the woman died?
In case the woman died, there are grounds under which the police can accuse the chemist of the woman’s death. The chemist is not in any way involved in the murder—toxic workplace culture.
Toxic workplace culture.
Question six
global ethical issues
unethical leadership
globally, many countries have faced leadership problems resulting in unethical behaviors in different sectors. In organizations, leaders have engaged in unethical behavior hence creating an unconducive environment in workplaces. As a result of corrupt practices, violence has become rampant in many organizations across the world.
Harassment and discrimination in workplaces.
Globally, many workers have been subjected to harassment and discrimination while at the workplace. These practices have contributed to the poor performance of organizations as the employees do not provide their best. As a result, many organizations have faced slow productivity.
Outbreaks and emergencies
Epidemics have become widespread globally. In order to deal with such pandemics, different countries have taken preparedness measures in dealing with such pandemics. Such plagues like diseases have contributed to the slow down of businesses across the world.
Toxic workplace culture
In many organizations, ethical standards are not upheld. As a result, both employers and employees end up creating a culture of bad governance. In such organizations, employees do not enjoy their comforts while at the workplace. The relations between employer and employees are poor hence no respect.
Bribery and corruptions
Many organizations and businesses have faced the challenge of corruption. Leaders who are not bound to ethical practices misuse funds hence leading to the termination of many organizations. A moral leader should handle management and use an organization’s resources, but many leaders are unethical in utilizing an organization’s resources.
- B) Ethical issues in the united states.
Unethical leadership.
Many Americans are frustrated with ethical leadership qualities in different organizations as the leaders seem to use their powers in stealing American’s dreams.
Bribery and corruption
United States’ bribery and anti-corrupt review have noticed that many leaders are so corrupt in their leadership; hence, they are not bound to ethical practices. Corruption has hampered efforts towards the development of different organizations across the united states.
Toxic workplace culture.
Approximately 49% of American workers have decided to leave their organizations as a deficient culture characterizes them. Many workers have complained about managers alleging that they do not know how to lead a team.
Harassment and discrimination in the workplace
Racial discrimination has become dominant across the US. The blacks, for example, have been considered monkeys; hence they are harassed in the country. Racism has been observed as the duties are allocated to only a few people.