Homework IV
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Question 1.
After fertilization, as the embryo develops, various types of cells are formed continuously. There are limited classes of signaling pathways identified in embryonic development. Anterior-posterior patterning of the embryo is started by the maternally deposited gene that controls the gap genes expression. The initiation of dorsal, ventral patterning is by the gradient of dorsal nuclear, under the control of the Toll pathway. The induction of terminal patterning is the activation torso at the embryo’sembryo’s poles
Question 2.
The regulation of cellular processes in humans, such as cell-fate growth specification- organizing boundaries formation, maintenance of stem cell, cell migration, breeding, and apoptosis is by notch signaling pathways. Failure of notch signaling pathways to function might lead to health disorders from the development of hereditary diseases such as syndromes of CADASIL and Allagille. The dysfunction of the pathway tumor development in some cancer cases while preventing the growth in others.
Question 3.
The most defined mode of action in notch signaling pathways in the inhibition of lateral in which there is a definition of a single cell’scell’s distinctive fate in a group of similar cell examples is in the embryonic neuroepithelium of Drosophila. The mode of action of Notch signaling results in the differentiation of ectodermal cells into either epithelial or neuroblast cells. Notch signaling pathway also functions in the regulation of lineage decisions and relating signaling between nonequivalent cells. An example is in the wing margin specification in Drosophila.
Question 4.
Research has identified two models of long-range in ligand distribution model that is diffusion and transcytosis. Extracellular milieu diffusion is the ligand most straightforward mechanism in the long-range. Extracellular degradation drives low levels in ligand over a distance, and there are enhancement and reduction of diffusion and keeping the ligand in the level of epithelium. In transcytosis the travelling of ligand is mostly vesciles contained in the cells