Student’s name
Professor
Unit code
Date
Racism in the Criminal Justice System
Goodall, Kay. “Conceptualizing ‘racism ‘in criminal law.” Legal Studies 33.2 (2013): 215-238.
Goodall addresses the effects of racism and the concept of hate crime. It also handles the various legal approaches to ending racism among the united states countries and the problems faced in ending racism in such countries. Since the article addresses the racially aggravated offense, it will be useful in the research process on finding out matters concerning racism, its effects, and the various strategies towards handling it. Its definition and precise illustration of racial and racist will also provide information on differentiating the two during the research process. Of late, many people fail to differentiate between a racist and racial, especially in the law courts just as Goodall puts, “I look at the ‘racial’ and the ‘racist’, showing that legislation and courts do not clearly distinguish between the two. When the term ‘racial’ is used, it refers in effect to racism, with all the moral and political implications that entails,” (216).
Jetter, Michael, and Alejandro Mesa-Osorio. “Racism and judicial corruption in the US.” Center for Research in Economics and Finance (CIEF), Working Papers 16-08 (2016).
The article addresses racism and judicial corruption in the united states. The author addresses racial hate as a positive contributor to a decrease in judicial corruption in most of the united states nations. An increase in racial hate among the nations results in a decrease in judicial corruption cases, and this is in the ratio of 1:70 whereby an increase in one standard deviation in racial hate is directly related to a 70 percent decrease in the judicial corruption cases. However, such practices are not done in the government’s executive leadership arm as the author puts, “Interestingly, no such relationship can be found for corruption in the executive or legislative branch,”(1). Since it addresses racism and corruption, the article’s content will help the researcher locate some of the racial practices in the government and court system among the countries and how they affect the citizens who are racially discriminated against.
Travis, Jeremy. “Assessing the State of Mass Incarceration: Tipping Point of the New Normal.” Criminology & Pub. Pol’y 13 (2014): 567.
The article addresses the John Jay College of Criminal Justice’s efforts in the fight for criminal justice reforms by advocating for the reduction in America’s prison population, of which the majority are the blacks. It also the various events and reforms that have been put across by this group to fight against incarceration in American prisons. Due to these efforts, it is reported that the prison population has declined in recent years. The author alludes that “some of the noteworthy efforts to reduce prison populations have succussed in the Republic states including Georgia, Mississippi, and Texas,” (567). The article’s ideas of incarceration in the American prisons and the various reforms towards ending the practices will help provide the solution to the research problem addressed in the study.
Holliday, Patrick L. Lost Cause Collective Memory and the Perpetuation of Modern Inequality: A Social History Study. Diss. Southern New Hampshire University, 2020.
The article addresses the Lost Cause ideology of the Civil War and its effects on the collective memory. The author puts, “The Lost Cause ideology of the Civil War has created a distorted collective memory
that established a pattern of lawful inequality and disenfranchisement that continues to exist
today,” (iv). According to the author, the distortion of the legacy of the Confederacy was put in place with heritage, honor, and patriotism. This was contrary to legacy’s real racist roots, and it placed blinders on many in American society. Therefore, the article mainly speaks of the correlation between the Lost Cause legacy and modern practices of inequality based on racism. This information will be useful when dealing with modern practices of racism among the communities and their causes.
Phillips, Coretta, and Ben Bowling. “Ethnicities, racism, crime and criminal justice.” The Oxford handbook of criminology (2012): 370-397.
The article addresses the vulnerability of different ethnic groups to racism and discrimination. The type of racism can be in the form of force, riots, deaths in custody, and violence in solving cases. It also addresses the concept of race and crime debate due to an increase in the modern idea of race. It also handles the demographic and socio-economic profiles of different ethnic groups in England and Wales and the effects of racism and discrimination on minority groups. Since the article addresses the various forms of racism that the black immigrants in the British underwent, it will help identify the discriminative forms in my research work. The various forms of discrimination included low housing, school exclusion, denial of accessing houses in the public and private sectors, and low job opportunities. As the author alluded, “exclusion from jobs, homes, and other forms of British life was largely influenced by patterns of formal and informal discrimination known as the color bar,” (373-374).